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BIOL 235 > Chr. 9 - Joints > Flashcards

Chr. 9 - Joints Flashcards

1
Q

[9.1] What is a joint?

A

A point of contact between either: two bones; bone and cartilage; or between bone and tooth.

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2
Q

[9.1] What are alternate terms for joints?

A

Articulation or arthrosis.

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3
Q

[9.1] List and describe the structural classifications of joints.

A

Fibrous, containing no synovial cavity and held together by dense irregular connective tissue.

Cartilaginous, no synovial cavity and held together by cartilage.

Synovial, contain a synovial joint and joined by dense irregular connective tissue that forms an articular capsule.

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4
Q

[9.1] List and describe the functional classification of joints.

A

Synarthrosis, immovable joint.

Amphiarthrosis, slightly movable joint.

Diarthrosis, freely movable joint.

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5
Q

[9.2] What are the types of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, syndesmoses, and interosseous membranes.

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6
Q

[9.2] Describe sutures joints.

A

A fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue, can be synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis.

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7
Q

[9.2] What is a synostosis?

A

A suture joint replaced by bone.

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8
Q

[9.2] Describe syndesmoses.

A

An amphiarthrosis fibrous joint similar to a suture but with greater distance and more dense irregular connective tissue between articulating surfaces.

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9
Q

[9.2] Describe interosseous membranes.

A

An amphiarthrosis fibrous joint with a substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue binding neighbouring long bones.

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10
Q

[9.3] What are the types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses, symphyses, and epiphyseal cartilages.

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11
Q

[9.3] Describe synchondroses.

A

Cartilaginous joint where hyaline cartilage is the connecting tissue. Can be synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis.

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12
Q

[9.3] Describe symphysis.

A

An amphiarthrosis cartilaginous joint where articulating bones are covered in hyaline cartilage but the connecting tissue is a disc of fibrocartilage. Occur in midline of body.

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13
Q

[9.3] Describe epiphyseal cartilages in relation to endochondral bone formation.

A

Hyaline growth centers during endochondral bone formation that is replaced with bone, becoming a synostosis.

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14
Q

[9.4] Define synovial joints.

A

Joints containing a unique structure composed of a synovial cavity and articular cartilage, allowing diarthrosis.

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15
Q

[9.4] Describe a synovial cavity.

A

An enclosed space surrounding the articulate ends of bones, contained by the articular capsule and containing synovial fluid.

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16
Q

[9.4] What is the articular capsule?

A

A structure surrounding a synovial joint composed of: an outer fibrous membrane, an extension of the periosteum composed of dense irregular connective tissue; and an inner synovial membrane, composed of loose connective tissue containing elastic fibers.

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17
Q

[9.4] What is a ligament?

A

Parallel bundles of dense regular connective tissue attaching bones to each other.

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18
Q

[9.4] What are articular fat pads?

A

An accumulation of adipose tissue within the synovial membrane.

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19
Q

[9.4] What is synovial fluid and what are its functions?

A

A viscous, clear/pale yellow fluid consisting of hyaluronic acid. Reduces friction, absorbing shocks, supplies oxygen and nutrients while removing wastes from chondrocytes.

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20
Q

[9.4] What are accessory ligaments?

A

Extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments that exist outside and inside respectively, that are separated from the synovial cavity by the synovial membrane.

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21
Q

[9.4] What are articular discs?

A

Crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage between articulating bones and attached to the fibrous membrane of the articular capsule.

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22
Q

[9.4] Describe a labrum.

A

Fibrocartilaginous lip extending from the edge of ball-and-socket joints, increasing contact area between articulating bones.

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23
Q

[9.4] What are bursae?

A

Sac-like structures consisting of an outer fibrous membrane of dense connective tissue and lined inside synovial membrane containing fluid. Alleviates friction in joints.

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24
Q

[9.4] What are tendon sheaths?

A

Tubelike bursae enveloping tendons that experience considerable friction as they pass through bones. Composed of two layers, a visceral layer attached to the tendon and a parietal layer attached to the bone. Contains synovial fluid.

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25
Q

[9.5] List and describe the types of movement at synovial joints.

A

Gliding, flat bones move back-and-forth and side-to-side with no alteration of angle.

Angular, features an increase or decrease in angle of articulating bones.

Rotation, a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.

Special movements, present only at certain joints.

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26
Q

[9.5] List and describe the major angular movements.

A

Flexion, a decrease in angle of articulating bones along the sagittal plane. Lateral flexion occurs across frontal plane.

Extension, an increase in angle of bones.

Hyperextension, extension surpassing anatomical position.

Abduction, movement of a bone away from the midline.

Adduction, movement of a bone towards the midline.

Circumduction, movement of a distal end of a body part in a circle. Composed of previous listed movements.

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26
Q

[9.5] What is rotation?

A

Movement where a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.

27
Q

[9.5] List and describe special movements.

A

Elevation, superior movement of a body part.

Depression, inferior movement of a body part.

Protraction, anterior movement of a body part.

Retraction, movement of a protracted body part back to anatomical position.

Inversion, medial movement of intertarsal joints.

Eversion, lateral movement of the intertarsal joints.

Dorsiflexion, superior bending of the talocrural joint.

Plantar flexion, inferior bending of the talocrural joint.

Supination, movement of forearm at proximal and distal radioulnar joints turning the palm anterior.

Pronation, movement of the forearm at proximal and distal radioulnar joints turning the palm posterior.

Opposition, movement of the thumb at carpalmetacarpal joint bringing the thumb across the palm.

28
Q

[9.6] Lost the types of synovial joints.

A

Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket.

29
Q

[9.6] Describe plane joints.

A

Articulation between bones with flat or slightly curved articulating surfaces. Primarily permitting back-and-forth and side-to-side movements along axes.

30
Q

[9.6] Describe hinge joints.

A

Articulation between a convex surface of one bone fitting into the concave surface of another. Produce uniaxial angular movements.

31
Q

[9.6] Describe pivot joints.

A

Articulation between rounded/pointed surface of a bone and a ring-shaped surface of another bone with the aid of a ligament. Permits uniaxial rotation.

32
Q

[9.6] Describe condyloid joints.

A

Articulation between oval-shaped convex projection of one bone into the oval-shaped concave depression of another. Allows biaxial movements.

33
Q

[9.6] Describe saddle joints.

A

Articulation between two bones that form a “saddle” shape, with one sitting in the groove of the other. Allows for biaxial movement.

34
Q

[9.6] Describe ball-and-socket joints.

A

Articulation between a rounded surface of one bone fitting into a similar shaped depression of another bone. Allows for triaxial movement.

35
Q

[9.8] Describe the atlanto-occipital joint.

A

Synovial condyloid diarthrosis joint between superior articular facets of atlas and occipital condyles. Allows for flexion/extension and lateral flexion.

36
Q

[9.8] Describe the atlanto-axial joint.

A

Synovial pivot diarthrosis joint between dens and anterior arch of atlas, and the lateral masses of atlas and axis. Allows for rotation.

37
Q

[9.8] Describe the lumbosacral joint.

A

Cartilaginous symphysis amphiarthrosis joint between fifth lumbar and sacrum, and synovial planar diarthrosis joint between articular facets of fifth lumbar and sacrum. Allows for flexion/extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.

38
Q

[9.8] Describe the sternoclavicular joint.

A

Synovial plane/pivot diarthrosis joint between clavicle and manubrium of sternum, and the first costal cartilage. Allows for gliding with slight circumduction.

39
Q

[9.8] Describe the radioulnar joint.

A

Synovial pivot diarthrosis between distal and proximal heads of radius and ulna. Allows for rotation of forearm.

40
Q

[9.8] Describe the pubic symphysis joint.

A

Cartilaginous symphysis amphiarthrosis joint between surfaces of hip bones. Allows for slight movements.

41
Q

[9.9] Describe the temporomandibular joint.

A

Combined synovial hinge and plane diarthrosis joint formed by condylar process of mandible and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone. Conducts depression/elevation, protraction/retraction, lateral displacement, and rotation.

42
Q

[9.10] Describe the shoulder joint.

A

Synovial ball-and-socket diarthrosis formed by the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of scapula.

43
Q

[9.10] List and describe anatomical components of the shoulder joint.

A

Articular capsule.

Coracohumeral ligament.

Glenohumeral ligament.

Transverse humeral ligament.

Glenoid labrum.

Bursae.

44
Q

[9.10] Describe the coracohumeral ligament.

A

A strong, broad ligament strengthening superior articular capsule extending from the coracoid process of scapula to greater tubercle of humerus. Strengthens superior and anterior articular capsule.

45
Q

[9.10] Describe the glenohumeral ligaments.

A

Thickening of the articular capsule in three anterior locations extending from the glenoid cavity to the lesser tubercle of humerus. Stabilizes humerus when nearing limits of movement.

46
Q

[9.10] Describethe transverse humeral ligament.

A

Narrow sheet extending from greater tubercle of humerus to lesser tubercle of humerus. Stabilizes biceps brachii.

47
Q

[9.10] Describe the glenoid labrum.

A

Narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the edge of the glenoid cavity.

48
Q

[9.10] List the movements of the shoulder joint.

A

Flexion/extension, hyperextension, abduction/adduction, rotation, circumduction.

49
Q

[9.11] Describe the elbow joint.

A

Synovial hinge diarthrosis formed by the trochlea and capitulum of humerus, trochlear notch of ulna, and head of the radius.

50
Q

[9.11] List the anatomical components of the elbow joint.

A

Articular capsule.

Ulnar collateral ligament.

Radial collateral ligament.

Anular ligament of radius.

51
Q

[9.11] Describe the ulnar collateral ligament.

A

Thick, triangular ligament extending from medial epicondyle of humerus to coronoid process and olecranon of ulna.

52
Q

[9.11] Describe the radial collateral ligament.

A

Strong, triangular ligament extending from lateral epicondyle of humerus to anular ligament of radius and radial notch of ulna.

53
Q

[9.11] Describe the anular ligament of radius.

A

Strong band-shaped ligament encircling head of radius, holding it in the radial notch of ulna.

54
Q

[9.11] List the movements of the elbow joint.

A

Flexion/extension.

55
Q

[9.12] Describe the hip joint.

A

Synovial ball-and-socket diarthrosis joint formed by head of the femur and the acetabulum of hip bone.

56
Q

[9.12] Describe the ligament of the head of femur.

A

Flat, triangular band extending from the fossa of acetabulum to fovea capitis of the head of the femur.

57
Q

[9.12] List the movements of the hip.

A

Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, circumduction.

58
Q

[9.13] Describe the knee joint.

A

Synovial modified hinge diarthrosis joint consisting of three joints:
1. tibiofemoral joint between lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus, and lateral condyle of tibia;
2. tibiofemoral joint between medial condyle of femur, medial meniscus, and medial condyle of tibia;
3. patellofemoral joint between patella and patellar surface of femur.

59
Q

[9.13] List the anatomical components of the knee joint.

A

Articular capsule,

Medial and lateral patellar retinacula,

Patellar ligament,

Tibial collateral ligament,

Fibular collateral ligament,

Intracapsular ligaments,

Articular discs,

Bursae.

Oblique popliteal and arcuate popliteal ligaments not included due to being untested.

60
Q

[9.13] Describe the medial and lateral patellar retinacula.

A

Fused tendon insertions of quadriceps femoris and fascia lata strengthening anterior surface of joint.

61
Q

[9.13] Describe the patellar ligament.

A

Continuation of insertion of quadriceps femoris extending from patella to tibial tuberosity, strengthening anterior surface of joint.

62
Q

[9.13] Describe the tibial collateral ligament.

A

Broad , flat ligament on medial surface of joint extending from medial condyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia.

63
Q

[9.13] Describe the fibular collateral ligament.

A

Strong, rounded ligament on lateral surface of joint that extends from lateral condyle of femur to lateral side of fibula.

64
Q

[9.13] Describe the intracapsular ligaments.

A

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), extends posteriorly and laterally from origin on inner medial condyle of tibia to posterior lateral condyle of femur. Limits hyperextension of knee and prevents anterior sliding of tibia.

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), extends anterior and medially from inner lateral condyle of tibia and the lateral meniscus to the anterior of medial condyle of femur. Prevents posterior sliding of tibia.

65
Q

[9.13] Describe the articular discs.

A

Medial meniscus, semicircular fibrocartilage attached anteriorly to intercondylar fossa of tibia and anterior cruciate ligament and posteriorly to intercondylar fossa of tibia.

Lateral mensiscus, circular fibrocartilage attached anteriorly to intercondylar eminence of tibia and lateral/posterior surface of ACL, and posteriorly to intercondylar eminence of tibia and posterior end of medial meniscus.

66
Q

[9.13] List the movements of the knee.

A

Flexion/extension, rotation.

BIOL 235 (29 decks)

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