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BIOL 235 > Chr. 4 - Organization of Tissue Level > Flashcards

Chr. 4 - Organization of Tissue Level Flashcards

1
Q

[4.1] Define what a tissue is.

A

Cells having common origin in an embryo, functioning together in specialized activities.

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2
Q

[4.1] What are the four types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular.

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3
Q

[4.2] What is a cell junction?

A

A contact point between the plasma membranes of tissue cells.

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4
Q

[4.2] What are the five important types of cell junctions?

A

Tight, adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap.

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5
Q

[4.2] What is a tight junction?

A

Cell-cell junction formed by transmembrane proteins joining adjacent plasma membranes. These seal off passageways between adjacent cells and disallow extracellular space between the two.

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6
Q

[4.2] What is an adheren junction?

A

Cell-cell connection formed by interaction of cadherin in the extracellular space, anchored inside each cell by plaque (collection of dense protein) connecting to microfilaments.

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7
Q

[4.2] What is a cadherin?

A

Class of transmembrane glycoproteins that form the base of adheren junctions.

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8
Q

[4.2] What is an adhesion belt?

A

Extensive zones of adheren junctions usually encircling the cell.

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9
Q

[4.2] What is a desmosome?

A

Cell-cell connection formed by interaction of cadherin in the extracellular space, anchored inside each cell by plaque (collection of dense protein) connecting to intermediate filaments.

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10
Q

[4.2] What is a hemidesmosome?

A

Cell-matrix junctions that bonds a cells membrane to extracellular matrix by use of cadherins.

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11
Q

[4.2] What are gap junctions?

A

Cell-cell junctions formed by protein channels, connecting cells and allowing cytoplasm and solutes to travel between the two.

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12
Q

[4.4] Define epithelial tissue.

A

Avascular tissue consisting of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in single or multiple layers.

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13
Q

[4.4] What are the function of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion, and forming special senses with nervous tissue.

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14
Q

[4.4] Define basement membrane.

A

Thin extracellular membrane consisting of two layers: basal lamina and reticular lamina.

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15
Q

[4.4] What is the basal lamina?

A

A layer of proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans that rests adjacent to epithelial cells.

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16
Q

[4.4] What is the reticular lamina?

A

A layer of proteins in between connective tissue and basal lamina, anchoring one to another.

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17
Q

[4.4] What are the two categories of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Covering and lining epithelium.
  2. Glandular epithelium.
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18
Q

[4.4] In which two ways are covering and lining epithelium classified?

A
  1. Cell arrangement.
  2. Cell shape.
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19
Q

[4.4] Name and describe each arrangement classification of epithelium.

A
  1. Simple epithelium: single-layer epithelium.
  2. Pseudostratified epithelium: vertically-elongated cells where nuclei lay at different levels, appearing to be stratified but without mutliple cells between apical surface and basement membrane.
  3. Stratified epithelium: two or more layers of cells between apical surface and basement membrane.
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20
Q

[4.4] Name and describe each shape classification of epithelium.

A
  1. Squamous: thin plate-like cells allowing for rapid passage of substances through them.
  2. Cuboidal: cube/hexagon-shaped cells.
  3. Columnar cells: Cells with vertical elongation - taller than they are wide.
  4. Transitional cells: Cells that change shape between squamous and cuboidal due to mechanical changes.
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21
Q

[4.4] What are the two types of epithelium?

A

Simple epithelium and stratified epithelium.

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22
Q

[4.4] What is glandular epithelium?

A

Epithelium specialized for secretion, and forms glands.

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23
Q

[4.4] What are the two types of glands?

A
  1. Endocrine gland: secrete substances into interstitial fluid/bloodstream
  2. Exocrine glands: secrete substances onto surfaces of covering and lining epithelium.
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24
Q

[4.4] What are the structural classification of exocrine glands?

A
  1. Unicellular glands: single-celled glands.
  2. Multicellular glands: composed of many cells.
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25
Q

[4.4] What are the categories of multicellular glands?

A

Simple gland, compound gland, tubular glands, acinar glands, tubuloacinar glands.

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26
Q

[4.4] What are the functional classification of exocrine glands?

A
  1. Merocrine glands: glands that release substances in secretory vesicles via exocytosis.
  2. Apocrine glands: accumulate substances at apical portion and release them by pinching off the section of cell that contains them.
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27
Q

[4.5] Define connective tissue.

A

A group of tissues in the body that maintain the form of organs and provide cohesion and internal support.

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28
Q

[4.5] What two basic elements make up connective tissue?

A

Extracellular matrix and cells.

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29
Q

[4.5] What is extracellular matrix?

A

Material located between widely spaced cells, consisting of protein fibers and ground substance (gel-like material surrounding cells; separate from protein fibers which are found inside).

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30
Q

[4.5] List the six main types of connective tissue cells.

A
  1. Fibroblasts.
  2. Macrophages
  3. Plasma Cells
  4. Mast Cells
  5. Adipocysts
  6. Leukocytes
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31
Q

[4.5] Describe ground substance.

A

Component of connective tissue between cells and fibers - can be fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous, or calcified. Responsible for binding cells together, storing water, and acts as a medium for exchange between blood and cells.

32
Q

[4.5] What is hyaluronic acid?

A

A slippery viscous substance that binds cells, lubricates joints, and maintains shape of eyeballs.

33
Q

[4.5] What are the three types of fibers found in extracellular matrix?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Elastic
  3. Reticular
34
Q

[4.5] Describe collagen fibers.

A

Strong, resistant, flexible glycoprotein fibers achieving structural durability based on surrounding molecules.

35
Q

[4.5] Describe elastic fibers.

A

A glycoprotein fiber conmposed of elastin and fibrillin, characterized by it’s strength and elasticity.

36
Q

[4.5] Describe reticular fibers.

A

Fibers consisting of collagen wrapped in bundles and coated with another glycoprotein. Forms a mesh network acting as supporting framework for many organs and vessels, known as stroma.

37
Q

[4.5] What are the two major classification of connective tissue?

A

Embryonic connective tissue and mature connective tissue.

38
Q

[4.5] What are the two sub-classifications of embryonic connective tissue?

A

Mesenchyme and mucoid.

39
Q

[4.5] What are the three classification of mature connective tissue?

A

Connective proper, supporting, and liquid.

40
Q

[4.5] What are the classifications of connective tissue proper, and the sub-classifications of each?

A

Loose: areolar, adipose, reticular
Dense: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic connective.

41
Q

[4.5] What are the classifcation of supporting connective tissue, and the sub-classification of each?

A

Cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage.
Bone: compact, spongy.

42
Q

[4.5] What are the classification of liquid connective tissue?

A

Blood, lymph.

43
Q

[4.5] Define mesenchyme.

A

immature connective tissue cells able to differentiate into different connective tissue cells.

44
Q

[4.5] Define mucous connective tissue.

A

Ground substance composed of several irrelevant (for this course) materials, mostly seen as Wharton jelly in the umbilical cord.

Don’t stress on this one too much.

45
Q

[4.5] Describe connective tissue proper.

A

Flexible tissue with a viscous ground substance abundant with fibers.

46
Q

[4.5] Describe loose and dense connective tissue

A

Loose: connective tissue with less fibers present in ground substance, leading to loosely connected cells.
Dense: connective tissue with thicker, densely packed fibers connecting fewer cells.

47
Q

[4.5] Describe areolar connective tissue.

A

Typical loose connective tissue, lower amount of fibers in ground substance.

48
Q

[4.5] Describe adipose connective tissue.

A

Fibroblasts specalized for storage of triglycerides, often co-located with areolar connective tissue.

49
Q

[4.5] Describe cartilage.

A

Supporting connective tissue composed of collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate within ground substance.

50
Q

[4.5] What are chondrocytes?

A

Cells of mature cartilage.

51
Q

[4.5] What is the perichondrium?

A

A covering of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the surface of cartilage, providing blood flow and new chondrocytes.

52
Q

[4.5] What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic.

53
Q

[4.5] Describe hyaline cartilage.

A

Chondrocytes surrounded by ground substance rich in collagen fibers and chondratin sulfate.

54
Q

[4.5] Describe the two types of cartilage growth.

A

Interstitial: chondrocytes divide and produce extracellular matrix. Seen in adolescence and younger.

Appositional: Cells of the interior perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts, producing extracellular matrix and maturing into chondrocytes.

55
Q

[4.5] What is bone tissue?

A

Connective tissue containing a high concentration of minerals in extracellular matrix.

56
Q

[4.5] What are the two classifications of bone tissue?

A

Compact and spongy.

57
Q

[4.5] What are the basic units of compact bone? List its components.

A

Osteons, composed of: lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, and central canals.

58
Q

[4.5] Describe lamellae.

A

Concentric rings of extracellular matrix formed around central canals.

59
Q

[4.5] Describe lacunae.

A

Small spaces between lamellae, house osteocytes.

60
Q

[4.5] Describe canaliculi.

A

Networks of tiny channels allowing the processes of osteocytes to reach other cells for nutrient exchange.

61
Q

[4.5] Define central canals.

A

Canals located in the center of osteons containing blood vessels and nerves.

62
Q

[4.5] What is spongy bone tissue?

A

Bone tissue organized in columns of “trabeculae” rather than formed by osteons.

63
Q

[4.5] Describe trabeculae.

A

Columns of bone tissue comprised of lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, and canaliculi, but no central canal. lamellae form concentric rings with either nothing in the center, or an osteocyte.

64
Q

[4.5] What is liquid connective tissue?

A

Any connective tissue which has an extracellular matrix of liquid consistency.

65
Q

[4.5] Describe blood tissue.

A

Connective tissue with blood plasma making up extracellular matrix, with red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets inhabiting the ground substance as formed elements.

66
Q

[4.5] Describe blood plasma.

A

Pale yellow fluid consisiting of water as a solvent for nutrients, hormones, plasma proteins, ions, gases, and enzymes.

67
Q

[4.5] Describe formed elements.

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in blood plasma.

68
Q

[4.5] What is lymph?

A

Liquid connective tissues composed of extracellular fluid found in lymph vessels.

69
Q

[4.6] What is a membrane?

A

Flat sheets of tissue composed of an epithelial layer and an underlaying connective tissue layer.

70
Q

[4.6] What is a mucous membrane?

A

A membrane composed of epithelial tissue varying depending on area of the body, and a layer of areolar connective tissue called the lamina propria. Lines body cavities that open directly to the exterior environment.

71
Q

[4.6] What is the lamina propria?

A

Layer of connective tissue in mucous membranes, binding epithelial layer to underlaying structure and houses blood vessels.

72
Q

[4.6] What is a serous membrane?

A

A membrane lining a body cavity that does not open directly to exterior environment. Consists of two layers of mesothelium (visceral and parietal layers) joined by a layer of loose connective tissue.

73
Q

[4.6] What is a cutaneous membrane?

A

A membrane consisting of epidermis and dermis, forming skin.

74
Q

[4.6] What are synovial membranes?

A

Membranes composed of a discontinuous layer of cells known as synoviocytes and loose connective tissue, and are lacking an epithelium layer.

75
Q

[4.7] What is muscular tissue?

A

Tissue consisting of muscle fibers (myocytes), classified as skeletal, caridac, and smooth.

76
Q

[4.8] What is nervous tissue?

A

Tissue composed of neurons and neuroglia.

77
Q

[4.9] What are excitable cells?

A

Cells that are able to respond to stimul by poducing electrical signals known as action potentials.

BIOL 235 (29 decks)

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