Chr. 8 - Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
[8.1] What are the pectoral girdles?
A structure attaching upper limbs to the axial skeleton, composed of two bones - the clavicle and the scapula.
[8.1] Describe the a clavicle?
A long bone laying horizontally across the anterior thorax that articulates with the sternum medially and the scapula laterally.
[8.1] List the prominent features of the clavicle, their location, and their functions.
The conoid tubercle, found on the inferior surface of lateral end, serves as attachment for the conoid ligament.
The impression for the costoclavicular ligament, found on inferior surface of sternal end, serves as attachment for the costoclavicular ligament.
[8.1] Describe the scapula.
Large triangular flat bone on the superior part of the posterior thorax.
[8.1] List the prominent features of the scapula, their location, and their functions.
The spine, runs diagonally across posterior surface, ends in flattened process called acromion.
Acromion, projects at superior lateral edge of scapula, forms acromioclavicular joint.
Glenoid cavity, inferior of acromion, articulates with humerus to form glenohumeral joint.
[8.2] How many bones compose each upper limb?
30 on each side, total of 60.
[8.2] Describe the humerus.
Long bone, largest and strongest, most proximal to scapula.
[8.2] List the features of the humerus and their function.
- Head, articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula.
- Anatomical neck, former site of epiphyseal growth.
- Greater tubercle, lateral projection distal of anatomical neck.
- Lesser tubercle, anterior projection.
- Intertubercular sulcus, allows passage of tendon and nerve.
- Surgical neck, constriction distal of tubercles.
- Body, normal bone function.
- Deltoid tuberosity, point of attachment for deltoid.
- Radial groove, contains radial nerve.
- Capitulum, projection articulating with radius.
- Radial fossa, depression above capitulum that articulates with radius during flexion.
- Trochlea, articulates with ulna.
- Coronoid process, anterior depression articulating with ulna during flexion.
- Olecranon fossa, posterior depression articulating with ulna during extension.
- Lateral and medial epicondyle, serve as attachment for tendons.
[8.2] Describe the ulna.
One of two long bones of the forearm, located medial.
[8.2] List prominent features of the ulna, and describe their function.
- Olecranon, forms prominence of elbow.
- Coronoid process, articulates with trochlea of humerus.
- Trochlear notch, forms part of elbow joint.
- Radial notch, articulates with radius.
- Ulnar tuberosity, attaches tendon of biceps.
- Styloid process, provides attachment to ulnar collateral ligament.
[8.2] Describe the radius.
Smaller, lateral bone of the forearm.
[8.2] List prominent features of the radius and their function.
- Head, articulates with capitulum of humerus.
- Radial tuberosity, point of attachment for tendons.
- Styloid process, lateral process on distal head.
- Ulnar notch, articulates with ulna at distal head.
[8.2] What is the interosseous membrane in relation to the forearm?
Broad flat sheet of fibrous connective joining the radius and ulna along the shafts.
[8.2] What are the two joints in the forearm?
The proximal radioulnar joint and the distal radioulnar joint.
[8.2] What is the radiocarpal joint?
The articulation between the radius and three carpals - the lunate scaphoid, and the triquetrum.
[8.2] Describe the carpus.
Proximal region of the hand consisting of eight small bones joined by ligaments in intercarpal joints.
[8.2] List the carpal bones from lateral to medial and which row they inhabit.
Scaphoid, first row
Lunate, first row
Triquetrum, first row
Pisiform, first row
Trapezium, second row
Trapezoid, second row
Capitate, second row
Hamate, second row
[8.2] Describe the metacarpals.
Bones of the palm consisting of a base, shaft, and distal head and labelled I - V lateral to medial.
[8.2] Describe the phalanges.
Bones of the digits labelled proximal, middle, and distal except for the pollux which has distal and proximal.
[8.3] What is the pelvic girdle?
A structure composed of two hip bones, different from the bony pelvis.
[8.3] What is the pubic symphysis?
The joint connecting the anterior portions of the hip bones.
[8.3] Describe the bony pelvis.
A ring structure composed of the hip bones, the pubic symphysis, the sacrum, and the coccyx.
[8.3] What is the ilium?
Largest component of the hip bone composed of a superior wing and inferior body.
[8.3] List the features of the ilium.
- Acetabulum, socket for head of femur.
- Iliac crest, superior border of ilium.
- Anterior superior iliac spine, ending of the iliac crest
- Anterior inferior iliac spine
- Posterior inferior iliac spine.
- Iliac fossa, provides attachment for tendon of iliacus.
- Iliac tuberosity, provides attachment for sacroiliac ligament.
- Auricular surface, articulates with sacrum.
- Arcuate line, ridge.
[8.3] What is the ischium?
Inferior posterior portion of hip bone composed of a superior body and inferior ramus.
[8.3] What is the pubis?
Anterior inferior portion of the hip bone composed of a superior and inferior ramus and a body.
[8.3] What are the prominent features of the pubis?
- Pectineal line, tubercle extending superior and alterally along the superior ramus to merge with arcuate line of ilium.
- Pubis symphysis, joint between hip bones consisting of a disc of fibrocartilage.
- Acetabulum, deep fossa formed by three sections of hip bone functioning as a socket joint for femur.
[8.4] What are the false and true pelves?
Divisions of the pelvis separated by the pelvic brim. The false pelvis is the portion superior of the pelvic brim, and the true pelvis is the inferior portion.
[8.4] Describe the false pelvis.
The superior portion of the pelvic brim enclosing the lower abdomen, a portion of the urinary bladder when full, and lower intestines. In females, encloses uterus, ovaries, and uterine tubes.
[8.4] Describe the true pelvis.
The portion of the bony pelvis below the pelvic brim. Contains rectum, urinary bladder, vagina, and cervex.
[8.6] How many bones are found in the lower limbs?
30 bones.
[8.6] Describe femur.
Long heavy strong. articulate with acetabulum and tibia and patella. angle of convergence is angle of body of bone. know greater trochanter and lesser trochanter - projections that serve as attachment. linea apsera is vertical ridge for attachment of tendon.
[8.6] Derscribe the patella.
Small triangular bone protecting knee joint. increase leverage of quads.
[8.6] Describe the tibia.
Shin bone, weight bearing. know lateral condyle and medial condyle, articulations with femur forming tibiofemoral joint.
[8.6] Describe the fibula.
Parallel to tibia and smaller. Articulates with the talus of the ankle. Landmarks include lateral malleolus.
[8.6] What is the tarsus?
Ankle, consist of tarsal bones.
[8.6] List tarsus bones
Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuneiform bones (first, second, third), and cuboid.
[8.6] Describe the metatarsi.
Intermediate bones of footconnecting the phalanges with the tarsus, numbered I - V
[8.6] Describe the phalanges of the foot.
Digits extending from the metatarsi composed of phalangeal bones.
[8.6] Describe the arches of the foot.
Arches held in place by ligaments and tendon, responsible for distributing weight and supporting the weight of the body.
Longitudinal arch lays in anterior-posterior direction and consists of a medial arch and lateral arch.
Transverse arch formed by navicular, third second first cuneiforms, and the base of metatarsusussles.
