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BIOL 235 > Chr. 28 - The Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Chr. 28 - The Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

[28.1] What are the gonads?

A

Organs that produce gametes and secrete sex hormones. Testes in males and ovaries in females.

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2
Q

[28.1] What is the function of ducts of the reproductive system?

A

Storage and transport of gametes.

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3
Q

[28.1] What is the function of accessory sex glands?

A

Produce substances protecting gametes and facilitating their movement.

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4
Q

[28.1] What are supporting structures of the reproductive system?

A

Structures assisting delivery of gametes, such as the penis and uterus.

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5
Q

[28.1] List the major groups of organs of the male reproductive system.

A
  1. The testes
  2. The system of ducts
  3. Accessory glands
  4. Supporting structures.
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6
Q

[28.1] List the components of the male system of ducts.

A
  1. Epididymis
  2. Ductus deferens
  3. Ejaculatory ducts
  4. Urethra
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7
Q

[28.1] List the accessory glands of the male reproductive system.

A
  1. Seminal vesicles
  2. Prostate
  3. Bulbourethral glands
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8
Q

[28.1] List the supporting structures of the male reproductive system.

A
  1. Penis
  2. Scrotum
  3. Spermatic cord (mentioned later)
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9
Q

[28.1] What is the scrotum?

A

A supporting structure for the testes composed of loose skin and underlying subcutaneous layer hanging from the root of the penis.

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10
Q

[28.1] What is the raphe?

A

A median ridge of the scrotum separating the scrotum into lateral portions.

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11
Q

[28.1] What is the scrotal septum?

A

The medial internal division of the scrotum. Composed of a subcutaneous layer and the dartos muscle.

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12
Q

[28.1] What is the dartos muscle?

A

A bundle of smooth muscle within the subcutaneous layer of the scrotal septum

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13
Q

[28.1] What is a cremaster muscle?

A

Two series of small bands of skeletal muscle descending as an extension of the internal oblique on each side. Passes through the spermatic cord and surrounds each testes.

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14
Q

[28.1] What is the function of the dartos and cremaster muscle?

A

Contraction to move the testes closer to the body in order to maintain optimal temperature. Results in wrinkled appearance. Exposure to warmth causes relaxation.

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15
Q

[28.1] Describe the testes.

A

Paired oval glands within the scrotum. Develop near the kidneys and descent during fetal development.

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16
Q

[28.1] What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

A serous membrane partially covering the testes derived from the peritoneum.

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17
Q

[28.1] What is a hydrocele?

A

A collection of serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis caused by injury of the testes or inflammation of epididymis.

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18
Q

[28.1] What is the tunica albuginea?

A

A white fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue deep of the tunica vaginalis and covering the the testes. Extends into the testes creating internal compartments called lobules.

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19
Q

[28.1] What are lobules of the testes?

A

Internal compartments separated by extension of the tunica albuginea. Approximately 200-300 per teste.

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20
Q

[28.1] What are seminiferous tubules?

A

Tightly coiled tubules within lobules where sperm is produced. Each lobule contains 1-3 of these.

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21
Q

[28.1] What is spermatogenesis?

A

The production of sperm that occurs within the seminiferous tubules.

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22
Q

[28.1] What cells are present in seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells.

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23
Q

[28.1] What are spermatogenic cells?

A

Sperm-forming cells.

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24
Q

[28.1] What are sustentacular cells?

A

Cells within the seminiferous tubules extending from the basement membrane to the lumen of the tubule. Joined by tight junctions forming the blood-testis barrier.

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25
Q

[28.1] List the functions of sustentacular cells.

A
  1. Nourishment of spermatocytes
  2. Phagocytize excess spermatid
  3. Control movement of spermatogenic cells
  4. Release sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
  5. Produce fluid for sperm transport
  6. Secrete inhibin
  7. Regulate effects of hormones.
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26
Q

[28.1] What are interstitial cells?

A

Cells existing in the spaces between seminiferous tubules. Secrete testosterone.

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27
Q

[28.1] What are spermatogonia?

A

Stem cells that eventually develop into sperm cells.

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28
Q

[28.1] What are primordial germ cells?

A

Primordial cells that develop into spermatogonia.

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29
Q

[28.1] What is an androgen?

A

A hormone that promotes development of masculine characteristics and promotes sex drive.

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30
Q

[28.1] What is spermatogenesis?

A

The process in which diploid spermatogonia develop into haploid spermatozoa.

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31
Q

[28.1] How long does spermatogenesis typically take?

A

65 - 75 days.

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32
Q

[28.1] What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell with 46 chromosomes

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33
Q

[28.1] What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell with 23 chromosomes.

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34
Q

[28.1] What are primary spermatocytes?

A

Spermatogonia that have differentiated into more mature cells that undergo meiosis.

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35
Q

[28.1] What are secondary spermatocytes?

A

Haploid cells produced by meiosis I of primary spermatocytes. Undergo meiosis II, where chromatid separate and four haploid cells form.

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36
Q

[28.1] What are spermatids?

A

Haploid cells produced from secondary spermatocytes that have undergone meiosis II. Still connected to each other through the cytoplasm as cytolysis fails to occur.

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37
Q

[28.1] What is spermiogenesis?

A

The development of haploid spermatids into sperm. Occurs as spermatids form the elongated, slender shape as well as flagella and an acrosome.

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38
Q

[28.1] What is spermiation?

A

The separation of sperm cells from the sustentacular cells and enter the seminiferous tubule.

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39
Q

[28.1] What are the major parts of the sperm?

A

The head and the tail.

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40
Q

[28.1] Describe the head of a sperm.

A

The flattened, pointed anterior portion of the sperm containing a nucleus of 23 chromosomes and featuring the acrosome on the anterior two-thirds.

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41
Q

[28.1] What is the acrosome?

A

A cap-like vesicle filled with enzyme that aids it in penetrating a secondary oocyte for fertilization.

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42
Q

[28.1] Describe the tail of a sperm.

A

The long flagella of the sperm, subdivided into four parts.

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43
Q

[28.1] List the four parts of the tail of a sperm.

A
  1. Neck
  2. Middle piece
  3. Principal piece
  4. End piece
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44
Q

[28.1] What is the neck of a sperm tail?

A

The constricted region behind the head containing centrioles that anchor microtubules forming the rest of the tail.

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45
Q

[28.1] Describe the middle piece of a sperm tail.

A

Posterior of the neck, contains mitochondria arranged in a spiral pattern that produce ATP needed for movement.

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46
Q

[28.1] Describe the principle piece of the sperm tail.

A

The longest portion of the tail posterior of the middle piece.

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47
Q

[28.1] Describe the end piece of the sperm tail.

A

The terminal, tapering end of the tail.

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48
Q

[28.1] How long do sperm typically survive in the female reproductive tract?

A

No more than 48 hours.

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49
Q

[28.1] What hormone in the hypothalamus stimulates puberty?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

50
Q

[28.1] What hormones in the anterior pituitary are involved in puberty?

A

Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone.

51
Q

[28.1] What is the effect of luteinizing hormone?

A

Stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone.

52
Q

[28.1] What are the effects of testosterone?

A

Suppresses secretion of luteinizing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Stimulates final steps of spermatogenesis.

53
Q

[28.1] What is dihydrotestosterone?

A

A form of testosterone formed by interaction with 5 alpha-reductase. Binds to same receptors as testosterone.

54
Q

[28.1] What is the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone?

A

Acts synergistically with testosterone to stimulate sustentacular cells into secreting androgen-binding protein into seminiferous tubules.

55
Q

[28.1] What is androgen-binding protein?

A

A protein that binds to testosterone to prolong its presence, keeping levels high.

56
Q

[28.1] What is inhibin?

A

A protein released by sustentacular cells inhibiting FSH secretion by the anterior putitary.

57
Q

[28.1] List the effects of androgens.

A
  1. Prenatal development into males.
  2. Development of male sexual characteristics
  3. Development of sexual function
  4. Stimulation of protein anabolism
58
Q

[28.1] What is the main source of androgens in females?

A

The adrenal cortex.

59
Q

[28.1] How do sperm move along the seminiferous tubules?

A

Inside fluid that is pushed along from pressure generated by sustentacular cells.

60
Q

[28.1] What are the straight tubules?

A

A series of short ducts extending from the seminiferous tubules.

61
Q

[28.1] What are the rete testis?

A

A network of ducts extending from the straight tubules.

62
Q

[28.1] What are efferent ducts?

A

A series of coiled ducts within the epididymis extending from the rete testis.

63
Q

[28.1] What is the epididymis?

A

An organ curving along the superior and posterior border of each teste, shaped like a comma. Composed of a head, body, and tail. Site of sperm maturation.

64
Q

[28.1] List the functions of the epididymis.

A
  1. Site of sperm maturation
  2. Reabsorb degenerated sperm
  3. Propel sperm into the ductus vas deferens
  4. Store sperm.
65
Q

[28.1] What is the ductus epididymis?

A

The single tube formed by the convergence of efferent ducts that forms most of the epididymis.

66
Q

[28.1] What is the head of the epididymis?

A

The larger, superior portion of the epididymis beginning at the junction of efferent ducts and the ductus epididymis.

67
Q

[28.1] What is the tail of the epididymis?

A

The distal end of the epididymis that continues as the ductus vas deferens.

68
Q

[28.1] Describe the composition of the epididymis.

A

Lumen is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium encircled by smooth muscle. Stereocilia extend into lumen from epithelium. Connective tissue binds the smooth muscle and carries blood vessels and nerves.

69
Q

[28.1] What is sperm maturation?

A

The process in which sperm acquire motility and ability to fertilize. Occurs over 14 days.

70
Q

[28.1] What is the ductus deferens?

A

The continuation of the ductus epididymis as it becomes less convoluted and increases in diameter.

71
Q

[28.1] What is the pathway of the ductus deferens?

A

Extends from the posterior epididymis to ascend through the spermatic cord into the pelvic cavity where it loops over the ureter and descends along the posterior surface of the urinary bladder until it terminates at the ampulla.

72
Q

[28.1] What is the ampulla of the ductus deferens?

A

The dilated terminal portion conjoining with each other and ducts of the seminal vesicles

73
Q

[28.1] List the layers of the ductus deferens.

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis
74
Q

[28.1] What is the composition of the mucosa of ductus deferens?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with a lamina propria.

75
Q

[28.1] What is the composition of the muscularis of the ductus deferens?

A

Three layers of smooth muscle, where inner and outer are longitudinal fibers and the middle is circumferential.

76
Q

[28.1] What is the function of the ductus deferens?

A

Conveys sperm during sexual arousal from the epididymis toward the urethra.

77
Q

[28.1] What is the spermatic cord?

A

The supporting structure of the male reproductive system ascending from the scrotum.

78
Q

[28.1] What does the spermatic cord consist of?

A

Blood and lymph vessels, autonomic nerves, the cremaster muscle, and the portion of the ductus deferens that runs through it.

79
Q

[28.1] What is the inguinal canal?

A

An oblique passageway into the anterior abdominal wall superior and parallel to the medial half of the inguinal ligament.

80
Q

[28.1] What is the deep inguinal ring?

A

The origin of the inguinal canal as an opening in the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis muscle.

81
Q

[28.1] What is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

The ending of the inguinal canal at a triangular opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscles.

82
Q

[28.1] What is varicocele?

A

The swelling in the scrotum due to a dilation of veins draining the testes.

83
Q

[28.1] What are the ejaculatory ducts?

A

A duct formed at the union of the seminal vesicles and ampulla of ductus deferens. Forms posterosuperior of prostate and travel anteroinferior through where they become the urethra, inside the prostate.

84
Q

[28.1] What is the urethra?

A

A duct 20cm long serving both urinary and reproductive systems, originating in the prostate and extending to the tip of the penis.

85
Q

[28.1] List the sections of the urethra.

A
  1. Prostatic urethra
  2. Intermediate urethra
  3. Spongy urethra
86
Q

[28.1] What is the prostatic urethra?

A

The portion of the urethra within the prostate.

87
Q

[28.1] What is the intermediate urethra?

A

A 1cm portion of the urethra passing through the perineum.

88
Q

[28.1] What is the spongy urethra?

A

The portion of the urethra within the penis.

89
Q

[28.1] What is the external urethral orifice?

A

The terminating opening of the urethra at the tip of the penis.

90
Q

[28.1] What are seminal vesicles?

A

Paired accessory sex glands with a pouch-like structure posterior of the base of the urinary bladder, anterior of rectum.

91
Q

[28.1] What is the function of seminal vesicles?

A

Secrete fluid that neutralizes acidic environment of the urethra and female reproductive tract, provides energy for sperm, and stimulates sperm motility and smooth muscle contractions in the female reproductive tracts.

92
Q

[28.1] What is the prostate?

A

A single, doughnut shaped gland inferior of the urinary bladder.

93
Q

[28.1] What is the function of the prostate?

A

To secrete a milky, acidic fluid composed of several substances

94
Q

[28.1] List the substances of fluid secreted by the prostate and their functions.

A
  1. Citric acid, ATP production for sperm
  2. Proteolytic enzymes to break down clotting proteins from seminal vesicles.
  3. Phosphatase, unknown (lol)
  4. Seminalplasmin, antibiotic
95
Q

[28.1] What is the bulbourethral gland?

A

Paired glands inferior of the prostate flanking the urethra. Secrete alkaline fluid to neutralize acidity and mucus to lubricate the urethra.

96
Q

[28.1] What is semen?

A

A mixture of sperm and seminal fluid.

97
Q

[28.1] What is capacitation?

A

Affecting of sperm by uterine secretions.

98
Q

[28.1] What is hemospermia?

A

Presence of blood in semen.

99
Q

[28.1] What is the penis?

A

A supporting structure containing the urethra.

100
Q

[28.1] What are the sections of the penis?

A
  1. The body
  2. Glans penis
  3. Root
101
Q

[28.1] Describe the body of the penis.

A

Composed of three cylindrical masses of tissue surrounded by the tunica albuginea.

102
Q

[28.1]What are the cylindrical masses of the body of the penis?

A

Two corpora cavernosa penis, and one corpus spongiosum penis.

103
Q

[28.1] What is the glans penis?

A

An enlarged, acorn shapes region of the distal corpus spongiosum.

104
Q

[28.1] What is the corona?

A

The lateral lip of the glans penis.

105
Q

[28.1] What is the prepuce?

A

Foreskin.

106
Q

[28.1] Describe the root of the penis.

A

The proximal attachment of the penis to the body, composed of the bulb of the penis and crura of the penis.

107
Q

[28.1] What is the bulb of the penis?

A

The expanded posterior continuation of the base of the corpus spongiosum. Attaches to the inferior surface of the deep muscles of perineum, enclosed by bulbospongiosus muscle.

108
Q

[28.1] What are the crura of the penis?

A

Two separated, tapered portions of the corpora cavernosa penis. Bends laterally and attaches to the ischia and inferior pubic rami.

109
Q

[28.1] List the ligaments supporting the penis.

A
  1. Fundiform ligament
  2. Suspensory ligament
110
Q

[28.1] What is the fundiform ligament?

A

A ligament arising from the inferior part of linea albea. Supports the penis.

111
Q

[28.1] What is the suspensory ligament of the penis?

A

A ligament arising from the pubic symphysis that supports the penis.

112
Q

[28.1] What is an erection?

A

The enlargement and stiffening of the penis resulting from parasympathetic innervation. Arterioles dilate and blood flow and volume increases, also compressing veins slowing blood flow leaving the penis.

113
Q

[28.1] What is heterosexual sexual intercourse?

A

Insertion of the erect penis into the vagina.

114
Q

[28.1] What is priapism?

A

Persistent and painful erection of the penis, often without involving sexual desire or contact.

115
Q

[28.1] What is ejaculation?

A

The powerful release of semen from the urethra to the exterior. Coordinated by sympathetic system of lumbar spine.

116
Q

[28.1] What is emission?

A

Discharge of a small volume of semen before ejaculation due to peristaltic contractions of the ducts gathering semen in the urethra.

117
Q

[28.2] List the organs of the female reproductive system.

A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Uterine tubes
  3. Uterus
  4. Vagina
  5. External organs
118
Q

[28.2] Describe the ovaries.

A

Paired female gonads producing gametes and hormones.

119
Q

[28.2] List the ligaments holding the uterus in place.

A
  1. Broad ligament
  2. Ovarian ligament
  3. Suspensory ligament.
120
Q

[28.2] Describe the broad ligament.

A

A fold of the parietal peritoneum attaching the ovaries to the mesovarium.

121
Q

[28.2] What is the mesovarium?

A

A double-layered fold of the peritoneum anchoring the ovaries.

122
Q

[28.2] Describe the ovarian ligament.

A

BIOL 235 (29 decks)

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