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BIOL 235 > Chr. 13 - The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves. > Flashcards

Chr. 13 - The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves. Flashcards

1
Q

[13.1] What are the meninges?

A

Three protective connective tissue coverings encircling the spinal cord and brain.

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2
Q

[13.1] What are the spinal and cranial meninges?

A

The layers of meninges covering the spinal cord and brain respectively, and are continuous with each other.

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3
Q

[13.1] List and describe the meninges.

A

Dura mater, most superficial layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue. Continuous with the epineurium of the spinal and cranial nerves.

Arachnoid mater, thin, avascular middle membrane of meninges containing loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers.

Pia mater, most deep membrane composed of a thin transparent connective tissue layer adhering to the surface of the spinal cord and brain. Thin squamous-cuboidal cells with interlacing collagen fibers and fine elastic fibers.

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4
Q

[13.1] Name the spaces that exist between the meninges.

A

Subdural space and subarachnoid space.

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5
Q

[13.1] What are denticulate ligaments?

A

Extensions of the pia matter fused with arachnoid mater and dura mater between anterior and posterior nerve roots that suspend the spinal cord in its sheath.

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6
Q

[13.1] What is the cervical enlargement?

A

An enlargement of the spinal cord from C4 to T1.

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7
Q

[13.1] What is the lumbar enlargement?

A

An enlargement of the spinal cord from T9 to T12.

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8
Q

[13.1] What is the conus medullaris?

A

The tapering, conical structure where the spinal cord terminates. Occurs at L1-L2.

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9
Q

[13.1] What is the filum terminale?

A

An extension of the pia mater that extends inferiorly from the tip of the spinal cord, fusing with arachnoid mater and dura mater, and anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.

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10
Q

[13.1] What are the spinal nerves?

A

Nerves extending from the spinal cord acting as the paths of communication between the spinal cord and regions of the body.

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11
Q

[13.1] What are spinal roots?

A

Two bundles of axons connecting each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord.

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12
Q

[13.1] What are rootlets?

A

Smaller bundles of axons assisting roots in connecting spinal nerves to the spinal cord.

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13
Q

[13.1] What is the posterior root?

A

A root containing only sensory axons.

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14
Q

[13.1] What is the posterior root ganglion?

A

A swelling of the posterior root containing the cell bodies of the sensory neurons.

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15
Q

[13.1] What is the anterior root?

A

Root of spinal nerve containing motor neurons.

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16
Q

[13.1] What is the cauda equina?

A

Nerve roots of all spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord below the conus medullaris, angled inferiorly alongside the filum terminale.

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17
Q

[13.1] What is white matter?

A

Nervous tissue containing myelination.

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18
Q

[13.1] What is the anterior median fissure?

A

A wide groove on the anterior side of the spinal cord.

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19
Q

[13.1] What is the posterior median sulcus?

A

A narrow furrow on the posterior side of the spinal cord.

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20
Q

[13.1] What is the grey commissure?

A

A bridge between the two sections of grey matter in the spinal cord.

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21
Q

[13.1] What is the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

A space in the center of the grey commissure extending the length of the spinal cord; filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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22
Q

[13.1] What is the anterior white commissure?

A

A bridge connecting white mater of each side of the spinal cord.

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23
Q

[13.1] What are nuclei in regards of the spinal cord?

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the grey matter of the spinal cord.

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24
Q

[13.1] What are the horns of the spinal cord?

A

Regions of the grey matter of each side of the spinal cord. Subdivided into the posterior, anterior, and lateral grey horns.

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25
Q

[13.1] Describe the posterior grey horns.

A

Regions of grey matter in the posterior spinal cord that contain axons of sensory neurons and bodies + axons of interneurons.

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26
Q

[13.1] Describe the anterior grey horns.

A

Regions of grey matter in the anterior spinal cord that contain somatic motor nuclei.

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27
Q

[13.1] Describe lateral grey horns.

A

Present only in thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord, contain autonomic motor nuclei.

28
Q

[13.1] List the regions of white matter in the spinal cord.

A

Anterior white column, posterior white column, and lateral white column.

29
Q

[13.1] What are tracts in regard of the spinal cord?

A

Bundles of axons with a common origin or destination carrying similar information. Grouped as sensory (ascending) tracts and motor (descending) tracts).

30
Q

[13.2] What is a mixed nerve?

A

A mixed nerve contains both sensory and motor neurons.

31
Q

[13.2] What is the endoneurium?

A

A mesh of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and macrophages wrapping around individual axons.

32
Q

[13.2] What are fascicles with respect to nervous tissue?

A

Groups of axons and their endoneurium wrapped in perineurium.

33
Q

[13.2] What is perineurium?

A

A thicker layer of fibroblasts within collagen fibers wrapping around groups of axons and their endoneurium, creating fascicles.

34
Q

[13.2] What is the epineurium?

A

The outermost covering of a nerve consisting of fibroblasts ad thick collagen fibers, also filling space between fascicles. Fuses with dura mater as a nerve passes through intervertebral foramen.

35
Q

[13.2] What are rami of nerves?

A

Branches of a spinal nerve.

36
Q

[13.2] What is the posterior ramus?

A

The branch of a nerve that serves deep muscles and skin of posterior surfaces of the trunk.

37
Q

[13.2] What is the anterior ramus?

A

The branch of a nerve that serves the muscles and structures of upper and lower limbs, as well as the lateral and anterior surfaces of the trunk.

38
Q

[13.2] What is the meningeal branchof the spinal cord?

A

The branch of a nerve that reenters the vertebral cavity and supplies vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, and blood vessels of the spinal cord and meninges.

39
Q

[13.2] List the principle plexuses and their associated vertebrae.

A

Cervical, C1 - C5

Brachial, C5 - T1

Lumbar, L1 - L5

Sacral, L4 - S4

Coccygeal, Co.

40
Q

[13.2] What are the intercostal nerves?

A

The anterior rami of T2 - T12 that do not enter a plexus and connect directly to the structures they supply.

41
Q

[13.2] What is a dermatome?

A

The area of skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via a specific pair of nerves or the trigeminal nerve.

42
Q

[13.3] Describe the cervical plexus.

A

A nerve plexus formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C1 - C4, and partially C5. Supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck, superior shoulders, and chest.

43
Q

[13.4] Describe the brachial plexus.

A

A nerve plexus formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5 - T1. Supplies the shoulders and upper limbs.

44
Q

[13.5] Describe the lumbar plexus.

A

A nerve plexus formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves L1 - L4. Supplies anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and parts of the lower limbs.

45
Q

[13.6] Describe the sacral plexus.

A

Sacral plexus is a nerve plexus formed by the anterior rami of the spinal nerves L4, L5, and S1 - S4. Situated anterior to sacrum, supplies buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs.

46
Q

[13.7] What are the principle functions of the spinal cord?

A

Nerve impulse propagation and integration of information.

47
Q

[13.7] List and describe the main routes used by sensory receptors to relay information to the brain.

A

The spinothalamic tract, conveying nerve impulses for pain, temperature, itch, and tickle.

The posterior column, consisting of the gracile fasciculus and the cuneate fasciculus and conveying touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception.

48
Q

[13.7] List and describe the main routes used for motor output.

A

The direct motor pathways, consisting of the lateral corticospinal tract, anterior corticospinal tract, and the corticobulbar tract. Convey impulses from the cerebral cortex and innervate voluntary movements.

The indirect motor pathways, consisting of the rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, lateral reticulospinal, and medial reticulospinal tracts. Convey impulses from the brainstem for coordination and autonomic movements.

49
Q

[13.7] What is a reflex?

A

A fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions in response to a stimulus.

50
Q

[13.7] What is a spinal reflex?

A

A reflex where integration of sensory input takes place in the grey matter of the spinal cord.

51
Q

[13.7] What is a cranial reflex?

A

A reflex where integration of sensory input takes place in the grey matter of the brainstem.

52
Q

[13.7] What is a somatic reflex?

A

A reflex involving contraction of skeletal muscles.

53
Q

[13.7] What are autonomic reflexes?

A

A reflex involving smooth muscle and not usually consciously perceived.

54
Q

[13.7] What is a reflex arc?

A

The pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex.

55
Q

[13.7] List the components of a reflex arc.

A

Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, and effector.

56
Q

[13.7] What are monosynaptic reflex arcs?

A

Reflex pathways having only one synapse in the CNS.

57
Q

[13.7] What are polysynaptic reflex arcs?

A

A reflex pathway involving more than two types of neurons and more than one CNS synapse.

58
Q

[13.7] What is a stretch reflex?

A

A contraction of a skeletal muscle in response to a stretching of that muscle.

59
Q

[13.7] What is a muscle spindle?

A

A sensory receptor inside a muscle fiber sensitive to stretching.

60
Q

[13.7] What is an ipsilateral reflex?

A

A reflex arc where a motor nerve impulse leaves the spinal cord on the same side of the spinal cord that received the sensory impulse.

61
Q

[13.7] What is muscle tone?

A

The mall degree of contraction while a muscle is at rest.

62
Q

[13.7] What is a reciprocal innervation?

A

A simultaneous causation of a neural circuit resulting in contraction of one muscle and a relaxation of its antagonist muscle.

63
Q

[13.7] What is the tendon reflex?

A

A feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing relaxation before muscle force overwhelms a tendons strength.

64
Q

[13.7] What are tendon organs?

A

Sensory receptors within a tendon near its junction with a muscle.

65
Q

[13.7] What is the flexor reflex?

A

An ipsilateral, polysynaptic intersegmental reflex arc responding to pain.

66
Q

[13.7] What is an intersegmental reflex arc?

A

A reflex triggered by a nerve impulse from one sensory neuron that activates interneurons in several segments of the spinal cord to innervate multiple muscles.

67
Q

[13.7] What is the crossed extensor reflex?

A

A reflex triggering motor impulses on the opposite side of the spinal cord that received the sensory impulse; synchronized with flexor reflexes and demonstrates reciprocal innervation.

BIOL 235 (29 decks)

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