Chr. 2 - Organization of Chemical Level

Question 1

Define “matter”.

Answer 1

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Question 2

What is an isotope?

Answer 2

Atoms of an element that contain different amounts of neutrons.

Question 3

What is a radioactive isotope?

Answer 3

Atoms with an unstable amount of neutrons and protons that decay into a stable configuration of neutrons and protons by ejecting either.

Question 4

What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

Answer 4

Exergonic reactions give off energy and endergonic reactions consume or require energy to complete.

Question 5

What factors affect the chance of chemical reactions?

Answer 5

Concentration and temperature.

Question 6

What is a catalyst?

Answer 6

Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering required activation energy

Question 7

List the types of chemical reactions and a brief description of each.

Answer 7

Synthesis reaction - creation of larger molecules from smaller molecules or atoms.

Decomposition reaction - breakdown of a molecule into smaller bits.

Exchange reaction - A reaction where both synthesis and decomposition exist.

Reversible reaction - reactions where reactants create products that can revert back to reactants.

Red-Ox reactions - reactions where an atom/ion or molecule loses an electron (oxidation), and another gains an electron (reduction).

Question 8

Define “inorganic compound”.

Answer 8

Compounds that are usually structurally simple and lack carbon backbones.

Question 9

Define “organic compound”.

Answer 9

Contain carbon and always have covalent bonds.

Question 10

What is a mixture?

Answer 10

A combination of elements or compounds that are blended together but are not chemically bonded.

Question 11

What is a colloid?

Answer 11

A mixture containing large particles that scatter light, but remain mixed.

Question 12

What is a solution?

Answer 12

A mixture where solutes remain evenly spaced among solvent, and are small enough to remain transparent.

Question 13

What is a suspension?

Answer 13

A mixture where the solutes will settle out of the solvent, collecting at the base of the solvent.

Question 14

Define “acid”.

Answer 14

A substance that dissociates into an anion and a hydrogen ion.

Question 15

Define “base”.

Answer 15

A substance that dissociates into a cation and a hydroxide ion.

Question 16

What is a buffer system?

Answer 16

Systems in place to convert strong acids or bases into weaker ones.

Question 17

Explain the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.

Answer 17

Bicarbonate and a hydrogen ion create carbonic acid. The body uses this reversible reaction to produce carbonic acid when acids are low or bases are in excess, and produces bicarbonate when acids are in excess or bases are too low. In this way, it is able to maintain pH homeostasis.

Question 18

Define monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Answer 18

These are all classifications of carbohydrates and thus have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen:coxygen

Monosaccharides contain 3 - 7 carbons in their bacbone, and include molecules with suffix -ose.

Disaccharides are molecules made of two monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides are any carbohydrates that contains three saccharides or more, can be very complex, insoluble in water, and do not taste sweet.

Question 19

What is glycogen?

Answer 19

Glycogen is a polysaccharide composed of many chains of glucose. This is the body’s main storage resource.

Question 20

Define lipid.

Answer 20

A group of organic compounds that feature carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in any ratio outside of 1:2:1. They feature electronegative oxygens creating non-polar molecules.

Question 21

Define “fatty acid” and “triglyceride”.

Answer 21

A lipid consisting of carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain. Triglycerides consist of a three carbon glycerol molecule to which three fatty acid chains link.

Question 22

What is the difference between saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 22

Saturated fatty acid contains only single covalent bonds between carbons.

Monounsaturated fatty acids contain a singular double bond between carbons.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids have more than one double bond between carbons, meaning they do not have the maximum amount of hydrogen possible.

Question 23

Define “phospholipid”.

Answer 23

A glycerol molecule that attaches two fatty acids and a phosphate group in the third space.

Question 24

What is the purpose of DNA and RNA in the human cell?

Answer 24

DNA forms the inherited genetic material inside the nucleus of a cell.

RNA relays instructions from genes to ribosomes in the process of protein synthesis.

Question 25

List the components of a nucleotide and describe their function.

Answer 25

Nitrogenous base - basic building blocks and functional group of nucleotide

Pentose sugar - attaches to bases and phosphate groups.

Phosphate group - forms backbone of nucleotide.