Chr. 16 - Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems Flashcards
[16.1] Define “sensation”.
The conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment.
[16.1] Define “perception”.
The conscious interpretation of sensations.
[16.1] What is “sensory modality”?
A unique type of sensation such as touch, pain, vision, or hearing.
[16.1] What are the types of sensory modality?
General senses and special senses.
[16.1] Define “general senses”.
General senses are somatic and visceral senses.
[16.1] Define “somatic senses”.
Senses of the skin and muscle including tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioception.
[16.1] Describe “visceral senses”.
Sensory information about conditions within internal organs, including pressure, stretch, chemical, temperature.
[16.1] Define “special senses”.
Sensory modalities of smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium.
[16.1] What is a sensory receptor?
A specialized cell or dendrites of a sensory neuron responding vigorously to a stimulus.
[16.1] List the events of a sensation occuring.
- Stimulation of the sensory receptor.
- Transduction of the stimulus.
- Generation of nerve impulses.
- Integration of sensory input.
[16.1] Describe the “stimulation of the sensory receptor” event.
An appropriate stimulus occurs within a receptor’s receptive field.
[16.1] Describe the “transduction of the stimulus” event.
A receptor converts the energy of the stimulus into a graded potential.
[16.1] Describe the “generation of nerve impulses” event.
A graded potential reaches threshold and triggers an action potential.
[16.1] Describe the “integration of sensory input” event.
An associated region of the CNS receives the action potential and processes the impulse.
[16.1] List the characteristics used to classify sensory receptors.
- Microscopic structure.
- Location of the receptors/origin of stimuli
- Types of stimuli detected.
[16.1] List the types of microscopic structure classifications of sensory receptors.
- Free nerve endings.
- Encapsulated nerve endings.
- Separate cells.
[16.1] Describe free nerve endings.
Dendrites that lack structural specializations and do not reside in a capsule.
[16.1] List the types of stimuli that activate free nerve endings.
Pain, temperature, tickle, itch, and some touch.
[16.1] Describe encapsulated nerve endings.
Dendrites enclosed in a connective tissue capsule distinctive and enhancing sensitivity to the stimuli associated to the receptor.
[16.1] Describe separate cells.
Sensory receptors that that synapse with sensory neurons for special senses.
[16.1] What is a receptor potential?
A graded potential generated by a sensory receptor in response to a stimuli.
[16.1] How do free nerve endings and encapsulated nerve endings send impulses?
An action potential is generated in the receptor itself and propagates along the axon into the CNS.
[16.1] How do separate cells send impulses?
Separate cells reach threshold and release neurotransmitters through exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, producing a postsynaptic potential in the sensory neuron paired with it. This postsynaptic potential travels along the sensory neuron into the CNS.
[16.1] List the types of classifications within the “location of receptors/origin of stimuli” characteristic.
- Exteroceptors.
- Interoceptors.
- Proprioceptors.
[16.1] Describe exteroceptors.
Sensory receptors located at or near the external surface of the body, and sensitive to stimuli originating outside the body.
[16.1] Describe interoceptors.
Sensory receptors within the body monitoring blood vessels, organs, muscles, and the nervous system.
[16.1] Describe proprioceptors.
Sensory receptors located in muscles, tendons, joints, and the inner ear providing information of body position and movement.
[16.1] List the types of classifications within the “type of stimulus detected” characteristic.
- Mechanoreceptors.
- Thermoreceptors.
- Nociceptors.
- Photoreceptors.
- Chemoreceptors.
- Osmoreceptors.
[16.1] Describe the characteristic of adaptation within sensory receptors.
The characteristic of decreasing the amplitude of a receptor potential during a maintained, constant stimulus.
[16.1] Describe “rapidly adapting receptors”.
Sensory receptors that adapt quickly, specialized for detecting changes of a stimulus.
[16.1] Describe “slowly adapting receptors”.
Sensory receptors that adapt slowly and trigger impulses as long as a stimulus is present.
[16.2] Where are the sensory receptors of somatic sensations typically found?
- Skin / subcutaneous layer.
- Mucous membranes of mouth, vagina, and anus.
- Skeletal muscles, tendons, and joints.
[16.2] What are cutaneous sensations?
Somatic sensations stemming from stimulation of skin / subcutaneous layer.
[16.2] Which sensations are tactile sensations?
Touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle.
[16.2] Describe the sensory receptors associated with touch, pressure, and vibration.
Encapsulated mechanoreceptors attached to A-fibers.
[16.2] Describe the sensory receptors associated with tickle and itch sensation.
Free nerve endings attached to C-fibers.
[16.2] What are the types of rapidly adapting and slowly adapting touch receptors?
- [Rapid] Corpuscles of touch.
- [Rapid] Hair root plexuses.
- [Slow] Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors.
- [Slow] Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors.
[16.2] Describe corpuscles of touch.
Rapidly adapting encapsulated receptors responding to touch and low frequency vibrations located in dermal papillae of hairless skin.
[16.2] Describe hair root plexuses.
Rapidly adapting free nerve ending receptors responding to touch found in hairy skin
[16.2] Describe type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors.
Saucer-shaped flattened free nerve endings in contact with tactile epithelial cells of the stratum basale responding to continuous touch.
[16.2] Describe type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors.
Elongated encapsulated receptors highly sensitive to stretching located in dermis, subQ layer, and other tissues.
[16.2] Describe the sensation of pressure and which receptors respond to it.
A sustained sensation felt over a large area due to deep deformation of the skin and subcutaneous layer. Sensed by type I and II mechanoreceptors.
[16.2] How is the sensation of vibration created?
Rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors - lamellated corpuscles and corpuscles of touch.
[16.2] Describe lamellated corpuscles.
Rapidly adapting free nerve endings surrounded by multilayers connective tissue capsule that respond to high frequency vibrations.
[16.2] Describe the itch sensation.
Stimulation of free nerve endings by specific chemicals, alleviated by scratching due to blocking transmission of itch with a different pathway.
[16.2] Describe the tickle sensation.
Stimulation of free nerve endings arising from touch from an outside source.
[16.2] Describe thermoreceptors.
Free nerve endings with receptive fields of 1mm detecting coldness and warmth. Rapidly adapting but will generate impulses at lower frequency for prolonged stimulus.
[16.2] Describe cold receptors.
Rapidly adapting free nerve endings connecting to A fibers and C fibers located in stratum basale of epidermis.
[16.2] Describe warm receptors.
Rapidly adapting free nerve endings attached to C fibers.
[16.2] Describe nociceptors.
Free nerve endings in every tissue sensitive to pain responding to intense thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli.
[16.2] What are the types of pain?
Fast and slow.
[16.2] Describe fast pain.
Rapid perception (under 0.1s) of pain after stimulus occurring as it propagates along A fibers. Typically decribed as skin or pricking.
[16.2] Describe slow pain.
Slow perception (over 1s) of pain after stimulus as it propagates along C fibers. Described as excruciating, burning, aching, or throbbing.
[16.2] Describe superficial somatic pain.
Stimulation of pain receptors in the skin.
[16.2] Describe deep somatic pain.
Stimulation of pain receptors in muscles, joints, tendons, and fascia.
[16.2] Describe visceral pain.
Stimulation of nociceptors in visceral organ.
[16.2] What is localization of pain?
The ability of the stimulus triggering pain to be precisely located. High localization in fast pain, moderately localized in somatic slow pain.
[16.2] What is referred pain.
Visceral pain felt in or just deep to skin overlying the stimulated organ. Generally the area with referred pain and the stimulated organ are innervated by the same section of spinal cord.
[16.2] What is analgesia?
Pain relief.
[16.2] What are proprioceptive sensations?
Sensations providing information about our body parts and theirs locations/movements.
[16.2] What is kinesthesia?
The perception of body movements.
[16.2] What are proprioceptors?
Sensory receptors that generate proprioceptive impulses, found within muscles, tendons, and hair cells of the inner ear.
[16.2] What is weight discrimination related to proprioceptors?
The ability to assess the weight of an object.
[16.2] What is the function of muscle spindles?
Monitoring changes in the length of skeletal muscles and triggering stretch reflexes.
[16.2] What is muscle tone?
The small degree of contraction present in muscles at rest.
[16.2] What are muscle spindles?
Proprioceptors monitoring the length of muscles and participating in stretch reflexes.
[16.2] Describe the composition of muscle spindles.
Several slow-adapting nerve endings wrapping around 3-10 intrafusal fibers. This structure is encapsulated by connective tissue and anchors to the epimysium.
[16.2] What are intrafusal fibers?
Specialized muscle fibers, usually bound together in groups of 3-10 by muscle spindles.
[16.2] What are gamma motor neurons?
Motor neurons terminating near both ends of intrafusal fibers adjusting the tension in a muscle spindle to changes in length of muscle. This keeps intrafusal fibers taught to maintain sensitivity to stretching.
[16.2] What are extrafusal muscle fibers?
Ordinary skeletal muscle fibers supplied by alpha motor neurons.