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BIOL 235 > Chr. 7 - Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Chr. 7 - Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

[7.1] What are the divisions of the skeleton?

A

Axial and appendicular.

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2
Q

[7.1] What is the appendicular skeleton divided into?

A

Upper limbs, lower limbs, and two girdles.

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3
Q

[7.2] What are the different types of bones?

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones, sutural bones

I’m callin’ all bones, just lose it (ah-ah-ah-ah)

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4
Q

[7.2] Describe long bones.

A

Bones with greater length than width, consisting of variable extremities.

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5
Q

[7.2] Describe short bones.

A

Cube-shaped bones consisting of mostly spongy bone, with a thin outer layer of compact bone.

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6
Q

[7.2] Describe flat bones.

A

Thin bones composed of parallel plates of compact bone enclosing spongy bone.

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7
Q

[7.2] Describe irregular bones.

A

Bones with complex shapes not grouped in any of the other categories, vary in amounts of compact vs spongy bone.

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8
Q

[7.2] Describe sesamoid bones.

A

Bones developed in certain tendons with considerable friction. Functionally protect tendons and improve mechanical advantage of tendon.

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9
Q

[7.2] Describe sutural bones.

A

Small bones located in joints between certain cranial bones.

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10
Q

[7.3] What are surface markings?

A

Structural features of bones adapted for specific functions.

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11
Q

[7.3] What are the two major types of surface markings?

A
  1. Depressions and openings.
  2. Processes
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12
Q

[7.3] What are depressions and openings, and what are the different types?

A

Sites allowing passage of soft tissue or formation of joints. Include fissures, foramen, fossae, sulci, and meatus.

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13
Q

[7.3] What is a fissure?

A

Narrow slit running along a bone between adjacent parts through which blood vessels and nerves pass.

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14
Q

[7.3] What is a foramen?

A

Opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass.

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15
Q

[7.3] What is a fossa?

A

A shallow depression of the bone.

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16
Q

[7.3] What is a sulcus?

A

Shallow furrow along bone surface accomadating blood vessel, neve, or tendon.

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17
Q

[7.3] What is a meatus?

A

Tube-like opening in a bone.

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18
Q

[7.3] Describe a process and list the different categories of processes.

A

Projections or outgrowths of bone forming joints or attachment sites for connective tissues.
Include:
- Condyles
- Facets
- Heads
- Crests
- Epicondyles
- Lines
- Spinous processes
- Trochanters
- Tubercles
- Tuberosities.

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19
Q

[7.3] What is a condyle?

A

Large round protuberance with smooth articular surface at the end.

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20
Q

[7.3] What is a facet?

A

Smooth, flat, concave or convex articular surface.

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21
Q

[7.3] What is a head in relation to bones?

A

Rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone.

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22
Q

[7.3] What is a crest?

A

Prominent ride or elongated projection.

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23
Q

[7.3] What is a epicondyle?

A

Roughened projection extending from a condyle.

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24
Q

[7.3] What is a line in regards to bones.

A

Long, narrow, shallow ridge.

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25
Q

[7.3] What is a spinous process?

A

Sharp, slender projection.

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26
Q

[7.3] What is a trochanter?

A

Very large projection.

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27
Q

[7.3] What is a tubercle?

A

Variably sized rounded projection.

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28
Q

[7.3] What is a tuberosity?

A

Variably sized rounded projection with a roughened surface.

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29
Q

[7.4] Define the skull.

A

A bony framework consisting of 22 bones resting on the vertebral column.

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30
Q

[7.4] What are the two categories of skull bones, and describe them.

A
  1. Cranial bones, which enclose and protect the brain.
  2. Facial bones, forming the facial structure and providing support for GI/respiratory systems.
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31
Q

[7.4] What are the functions of the skull?

A

Protection, stabilization of connective/nervous tissue, and provide attachment for tendons

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32
Q

[7.4] What are the different bones of the cranium?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid.

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33
Q

[7.4] What are the different facial bones?

A

Nasal, maxillae, zygomatic, mandible, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, and the vomer.

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34
Q

[7.5] Describe the frontal bone.

A

Most anterior cranial bone, forms the forehead, roof of orbits, and anterior cranial floor.

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35
Q

[7.5] Describe the parietal bones.

A

Two bones adjacent to each other, forming the greater of the superior and lateral sides of the cranial cavity.

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36
Q

[7.5] Describe the temporal bones.

A

Form the inferior portions of the lateral sides of the cranium and lateral portions of the cranial floor.

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37
Q

[7.5] What are the zygomatic process and zygomatic arch?

A

The zygomatic process is a process on the temporal bone articulating with the temporal process present on the zygomatic bone. The zygomatic arch is the structure formed by the zygomatic process (of the temporal bone) and the temporal process (of the zygomatac bone).

38
Q

[7.5] What is the mandibular fossa?

A

A socket on the inferior posterior surface of the zygomatic process. Articulates with the mandible forming the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

39
Q

[7.5] What is the mastoid portion?

A

Portion of the temporal bone posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus (ear canal).

40
Q

[7.5] What is the petrous portion?

A

A triangular section of the temporal bone located at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bone.

40
Q

[7.5] Define the occipital bone.

A

The bone forming the posterior portion and a large part of the base of the cranium.

40
Q

[7.5] What is the foramen magnum?

A

A large foramen allowing the spinal cord to enter into the skull.

41
Q

[7.5] Define the sphenoid bone.

A

A bone forming the center portion of the cranial floor, articulates with all other cranial bones.

41
Q

[7.5] What are the occipital condyles?

A

Processes with convex surfaces on either side of the foramen magnum, articulating with atlas (C1) and forming the atlanto-occipital joint.

42
Q

[7.5] Define the ethmoid bone.

A

Small bone located in the anterior portion of the cranial floor, medial to the orbits and posterior to nasal bones. Forms anterior cranial floor, medial wall of orbits, superior portion of nasal septum, and superior sidewalls of nasal cavity.

43
Q

[7.6] What are the nasal bones?

A

Small, flattened, rectangular-shaped bones forming the bridge of the nose.

44
Q

[7.6] What are the lacrimal bones?

A

Two thin, small bones positioned posteriorly and inferiorly to the nasal bones forming a portion of the medial wall of orbit.

45
Q

[7.6] What are the palatine bones?

A

Two L-shaped bones forming the posterior portion of the hard palate, floor and lateral wall of nasal cavity, an part of the floor of orbits.

46
Q

[7.6] What are the inferior nasal conchae?

A

Bones inferior to middle nasal conchae forming a part of the inferior lateral wall of nasal cavity. Increase surface area of nasal cavity.

47
Q

[7.6] What is the vomer?

A

A triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity articulating superiorly with the ethmoid and sphenoid bone, and inferiorly with the maxillae and palatine bones.

48
Q

[7.6] What are the maxillae?

A

Two bones forming the upper jawbone and form a portion of the floor of orbits, part of lateral walls/floor of nasal cavity, and a large portion of the hard palate.

49
Q

[7.6] What is the hard palate?

A

Bony roof of the mouth formed by the palatine process of maxillae and horizontal plates of palatine bones.

50
Q

[7.6] What is the maxillary sinus?

A

Large space in the structure of the maxilla emptying into the nasal cavity.

51
Q

[7.6] What are the zygomatic bones?

A

Two bones forming the cheekbones on either side of the face.

52
Q

[7.6] What is the mandible?

A

The lower jawbone, the only moveable bone of the skull.

53
Q

[7.6] What is the temporomandibular joint?

A

Synovial articulation of the temporal bone and the mandible.

54
Q

[7.7] What is the nasal septum?

A

A partition of bone and cartilage separating the nasal cavity vertically.

55
Q

[7.7] What are orbits?

A

A space formed by seven bones containing the eyeball and associated structures.

56
Q

[7.7] Which bones form the orbits?

A

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal.

57
Q

[7.7] What are sutures?

A

Immovable joints holding skull bones together.

58
Q

[7.7] List the prominent sutures of their skull and their function.

A

Coronal suture - unites the frontal and both parietal bones.
Sagittal suture - unites the two parietal bones in the midline of the skull.
Lambdoid suture - unites the parietal bones to the occipital bone.
Squamous sutures - unite parietal bones to temporal bones on either side.

59
Q

[7.7] What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Cavities within cranial and facial bones lined with mucous membranes continuous with the nasal cavity.

60
Q

[7.7] What are fontanels?

A

Mesenchyme-filled spaces yet to develop into connective tissue that later ossify by intramembranous ossification. Provide space for cranial bones to grow.

61
Q

[7.8] What is the hyoid bone?

A

A bone suspended from the temporal bones by ligaments and tendons that supports the tongue and provides attachment for muscles of the neck and pharynx.

62
Q

[7.9] Describe the vertebral column.

A

Composed of connective tissue and a series of bones called vertebrae. Functions to protect the spinal cord, provide attachment for ribs, pelvic girdle, and muscles of the back, and supports the head.

63
Q

[7.9] How are the vertebrae distributed, and how many of each?

A

Cervical, 7
Thoracic, 12
Lumbar, 5
Sacrum, 1
Coccyx, 1

64
Q

[7.9] Describe normal curves in relation to the vertebral column.

A

Slight bends in the spin increasing strength, maintaining balance, absorbing shock, and protecting vertebrae from fracture.

65
Q

[7.9] List the normal curves of the spine and their shape.

A

Cervical curve, convex.
Thoracic curve, concave.
Lumbar curve, convex.
Sacral curve, concave.

66
Q

[7.9] What are intervertebral discs?

A

Discs of fibrocartilage (annulus fibrosus) and collagen gel (nucleus pulposus) with hyaline cartilage plates on the superior and inferior surfaces.

67
Q

[7.9] List the parts of a vertebra.

A

Vertebral body, vertebral arch, and processes.

68
Q

[7.9] Describe the vertebral body.

A

Thick, disc-shaped anterior section of a vertebra, with rough surfaces on the inferior and superior aspects for attachment of intervertebral discs, and foramina on the anterior and lateral surfaces for blood vessels.

69
Q

[7.9] Describe the vertebral arch.

A

A structure in the shape of an arch projecting posteriorly from the vertebral body on either lateral side, and connecting to itself at the flat lamina where the spinous process projects. posteriorly. The arch has seven processes projecting from it.

70
Q

[7.9] What is the vertebral foramen?

A

The opening in a vertebra within the loop of the vertebral arch and bordering the vertebral body.

71
Q

[7.9] What is the spinous process?

A

A process projecting posteriorly from the junction of laminae connecting the vertebral arch. With transverse processes, serves as attachment for muscles.

72
Q

[7.10] Describe the cervical vertebrae.

A

First 7 vertebrae of the spinal column, smallest, contain three foramina (one vertebral and two transverse). Vertebral foramen largest in cervical vertebrae, and possess bifid spinous processes.

73
Q

[7.10] What is atlas?

A

C1, ring of bone with anterior and posterior arches and large lateral masses - no body or spinous process. Forms atlanto-occipital joints with occipital bone using superior surface of articular facets of lateral masses.

74
Q

[7.10] What is axis?

A

C2, contains a vertebral body and arch like other vertebrae. Contains odontoid process, a process projecting upwards into vertebral foramen of atlas, creating a ball-and-pivot joint.

75
Q

[7.10] Describe thoracic vertebrae.

A

Larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae, with long, laterally flattened spinous processes directed inferiorly. Articulate with ribs, at costal facets. T11 and T12 have shorter, broader, posteriorly angled spinous processes and do not articulate with ribs.

76
Q

[7.10] Describe lumbar vertebrae.

A

Largest and strongest, with quadrilateral spinous processes projecting almost directly posterior.

77
Q

[7.10] Describe the sacrum.

A

A triangular bone formed by five sacral vertebrae locate at the posterior portion of the pelvic cavity. Contains four transverse lines marking the fusing of vertebrae, and anterior sacral foramina.

78
Q

[7.10] Describe the coccyx.

A

Triangular bone formed by fusion of four coccygeal vertebrae.

79
Q

[7.11] What is the thorax?

A

A term referring to the entire chest region.

80
Q

[7.11] What is the thoracic cage?

A

A bony enclosure formed by the sternum, ribs, costal cartilage, and thoracic vertebrae.

81
Q

[7.11] Describe the sternum and list its parts.

A

A flat bone located in the center of the anterior thoracic wall, composed of the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.

82
Q

[7.11] What is the sternal angle?

A

The junction of the manubrium and the body.

83
Q

[7.11] What is the suprasternal notch?

A

A depression on the superior surface of the manubrium.

84
Q

[7.11] What are the sternoclavicular joints?

A

The articulation point between clavicular notches of the manubrium and the medial ends of the clavicles.

85
Q

[7.11] Describe ribs.

A

Twelve pairs of curved flat bones that protect the organs of the thoracic cavity.

86
Q

[7.11] What are sternocostal joints?

A

The articulations formed between true ribs and the sternum.

87
Q

[7.11] What are true ribs?

A

The seven pairs of ribs attached directly to the sternum via costal cartilage.

88
Q

[7.11] What are false ribs?

A

Five pairs of ribs below the true ribs that attach to each other with costal cartilage before attaching to the costal cartilage of the seventh rib, and thus to the sternum indirectly.

89
Q

[7.11] What are the floating ribs?

A

The two most inferior false ribs that do not attach to the other false ribs, and only articulate to the thoracic vertebrae.

BIOL 235 (29 decks)

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