Chr. 11 - Muscular System Flashcards
[11.1] What is an origin?
The attachment of a muscles tendon to the stationary bone.
[11.1] What is the insertion?
The attachment of a muscles tendon to the moving bone.
[11.1] What is the belly of a muscle?
The fleshy portion of a muscle between the tendons which is responsible for contraction and stretching.
[11.1] What are muscle actions and reverse muscle actions?
Actions are the main movement that occurs when a muscle contract.
A reverse action is a movement which switching position of origin and insertion.
[11.1] What is a lever?
A rigid structure that moves around a fixed point, called the fulcrum.
[11.1] What is a fulcrum?
The fixed point which a lever moves around.
[11.1] What is effort and load?
Effort is the force that causes movement.
Load is the resistance that opposes movement.
[11.1] What is the effort arm and the load arm?
The effort arm is the distance between the fulcrum and the effort.
The load arm is the distance between the fulcrum and the load.
[11.1] Describe mechanical advantage and mechanical disadvantage.
Mechanical advantage is a force multiplier present when a lever’s effort arm is longer than the load arm.
Mechanical disadvantage is a force divider present when a levers load arm is longer than the effort arm.
[11.1] List and describe the classes of levers, as well as stating if they provide mechanical advantage or disadvantage.
First-class lever, the fulcrum exists between the load arm and the effort arm. Can provide either mechanical advantage or disadvantage based on the length of the arms.
Second-class lever, the load exists between the fulcrum and effort. Always provides mechanical advantage as the effort arm will always be longer than the load arm.
Third-class levers, the effort exists between the fulcrum and the load. Always produces mechanical disadvantage as the load arm will always be longer than the effort arm.
[11.1] What are fascicles?
Bundles of muscle fibers where all muscle fibers are parallel.
[11.1] What are the patterns of fascicle arrangement, and why are they important?
Parallel, fusiform, circular, triangular, and pennate. They affect a muscles power and range of motion.
[11.1] Describe parallel fascicles
Fascicles parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle, terminate at either end in flat tendons.
[11.1] Describe fusiform fascicles.
Fascicles almost parallel to longitudinal axis but have wide belly deviating from axis slightly. Terminate at either end in flat tendons.
[11.1] Describe circular fascicles.
Fascicles arranged in concentric circles, form sphincter muscles. Tendons on either side attach at same location.
[11.1] Describe triangular fascicles.
Fascicles spread over a broad area that taper as they converge on a thick central tendon.
[11.1] Describe pennate fascicles and the three varieties.
Fascicles with tendons that extend entire length of muscle. Arranged in:
Unipennate, fascicle exists on one side of tendon.
Bipennate, fascicle exists on both sides of a centrally-positioned tendon.
Multipennate, consists of a fan-like arrangement of bipennate fascicles that all attach to a singular tendon at termination.
[11.1] Describe muscle layout at joints.
Arranged in pairs at joints (some exceptions) composed of a prime mover and antagonist.
[11.1] Describe prime movers and antagonists.
A prime mover is a muscle that contracts to causing movement.
An antagonist is an opposing muscle to the prime mover that stretches and yields to the force of a prime mover.
[11.1] What is a synergist?
Muscles that prevent unwanted movement at intermediate joints or aid movement of the prime mover.
[11.1] What is a fixator?
Muscles that stabilize the origin of the prime mover.
[11.1] What is a compartment in relation to the muscular system?
A group of skeletal muscles and their associated blood vessels and associated nerves.
[11.2] List the two main ways to name a muscle?
By feature of the muscle, such as size, shape, action, number of origins, and location.
By sites of origin and insertion.
[11.4] List the scalp muscles and their action.
Occipitofrontalis:
- Frontal draws scalp anteriorly, raises eyebrows, and wrinkles skin of forehead.
- Occipital belly, draws scalp posteriorly.
[11.4] List the mouth muscles and their action.
Orbicularis oris, closes and protrudes lips, compresses lips against teeth, shapes lips while speaking.
Zygomaticus major, draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally.
Buccinator, presses cheeks against teeth and lips, draws mouth laterally, assists in mastication.
[11.4] List the muscle of the orbit/eyebrow and its action.
Orbicularis oculi, closes eye.
[11.6] What are the term for the muscles that move the mandible and TMJ?
The muscles of mastication.
[11.6] List the major muscles that move the mandible and assist in mastication and speech, and their actions.
Masseter, elevates mandible.
Temporalis, elevates and retracts mandible
[11.6] List the origin and insertion of the masseter.
Origin: maxilla and zygomatic arch
Insertion: angle and ramus of the mandible.
[11.6] List the origin and insertion of the temporalis.
Origin: temporal bone
Insertion: coronoid process and ramus of mandible.
[11.9] List the muscles of the neck that move the head and it’s action/reverse action
Sternocleidomastoid, flexion of cervical vertebrae, extension of head, lateral flexion of neck and head, lateral rotation of head.
Reverse action, elevate sternum during forced inhalation.
[11.9] List the origin and insertion of the sternocleidomastoid.
Origin: at manubrium of sternum and medial third of clavicle.
Insertion: at mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line of occipital bone.
[11.10] List the muscles of the abdomen that protect abdominal viscera and move vertebral column.
- Rectus abdominis
- External oblique
- Internal oblique
- Transversus abdominis.
[11.10] List origin, insertion, and action of rectus abdominis.
Origin: pubic crest and pubic symphysis
Insertion: Cartilage of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process.
[11.10] What are the actions and reverse muscle action of the rectus abdominis?
Action: Flexes vertebrae column, compresses abdomen
Reverse muscle action: flexes pelvis
[11.10] List actions of external oblique.
Compresses abdomen, flexes vertebral column, laterally flexes vertebral column, rotation of vertebral column.
[11.10] List the action of the internal oblique.
Compresses abdomen, flexion of vertebral column, lateral flexion of vertebral column, rotation of vertebral column.
[11.10] List the insertion and action of the transversus abdominus.
Insertion: xiphoid process, linea alba, and pubis.
Action: Compresses abdomen.
[11.10] What are the rectus sheaths?
The aponeuroses of external and internal oblique and transversus abdominus that enclose the rectus abdominus muscles. The sheaths meet to form the linea alba.
[11.10] What is the linea alba?
A tough fibrous band extending from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis.
[11.11] List the muscles of the thorax that assist in breathing.
Diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals.
[11.11] What is the action of the diaphragm?
Contraction increases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity resulting in inhalation. Relaxation causes expansion of the muscle, decreasing thoracic cavity volume resulting in exhalation.
[11.11] What is the central tendon of the diaphragm?
A strong aponeurosis in the center of the diaphragm formed by the convergence of multiple other tendons of the diaphragm.
[11.11] What is the action of the external intercostals
Elevate ribs and increase anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity for inhalation. Relaxation returns thoracic cavity to anatomical position and results in exhale.
[11.11] What is the action of internal intercostals?
Draws adjacent ribs together to decrease thoracic cavity volume during exhalation.
[11.14] List the anterior and posterior muscles of the thorax that move the pectoral girdle.
Anterior thoracic muscles: pectoralis minor, serratus anterior.
Posterior thoracic muscles: trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major.
[11.14] List the action and reverse action of pectoralis minor
Action: abducts scapula and inferior rotation.
Reverse action: elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inhalation.
[11.14] List the origin and insertion of serratus anterior.
Origin: ribs 1-8
Insertion: vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula.
[11.14] List the action of serratus anterior.
Action: Abducts scapula and superior rotation.
Reverse action: elevates ribs.
[11.14] List the origin and insertion of the trapezius.
Origin: superior nuchal line of occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spines of C7-T12
Insertion: Clavicle and acromion/spine of scapula.
[11.14] List the action and reverse action of the trapezius.
Action: superior rotation of scapula, adduction of scapula
Reverse action: extension of head.
[11.14] List the origin and insertion of the levator scapulae.
Origin: transverse processes of C1-C4.
Insertion: superior vertebral border of scapula.
[11.14] What is the action of the levator scapulae?
Elevation of scapula and inferior rotation.
[11.14] What is the action of the rhomboid.
Elevation, adduction, inferior rotation, and stabilization of scapula.
[11.15] List the axial muscles moving the humerus.
- Pectoralis major
- Latissimus dorsi
[11.15] What is the origin and insertion of the pectoralis major?
Origin: clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilage of ribs 2-6
Insertion: greater tubercle and lateral lip of sulcus of humerus
[11.15] What is the action and reverse action of the latissimus dorsi?
Extension, adduction, and medial rotation of humerus at shoulder should.
RMA: elevation of vertebral column and torso.
[11.15] List the scapular muscles moving the humerus.
- Deltoid
- Subscapularis
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres major
- Teres minor
[11.15] What is the origin and insertion of the deltoid?
Origin: clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula.
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus.
[11.15] What is the action of the detloid?
Abduction, flexion, extension, medial and lateral rotation of the humerus.
[11.15] What is the action of the subscapularis?
Medial rotation of the humerus.
[11.15] What is the origin and insertion of supraspinatus?
Origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus.
[11.15] What is the action of supraspinatus?
Abduction of humerus.
[11.15] What is the action of infraspinatus?
Lateral rotation of humerus.
[11.15] What is the action of teres major?
Extension, adduction, and medial rotation of humerus.
[11.15] What is the action of teres minor?
Lateral rotation and extension of arm.
[11.16] List the forearm flexor muscles.
- Biceps brachii
- Brachialis
- Brachioradialis
[11.16] What is the origin and insertion of the biceps brachii.
Origin: tubercle of scapula, coracoid process of scapula
Insertion: radial tuberosity of radius.
[11.16] What is the action of biceps brachii?
Flexion, supination of forearm, and flexion of arm.
[11.16] What is the action of brachialis?
Flexion of forearm at elbow.
[11.16] What is the action of brachioradialus?
Flexion, supination, and pronation of forearm.
[11.16] List the forearm extensors.
- Triceps brachii
- Anconeus
[11.16] What are the origin and insertions of the triceps brachii?
Origin: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, posterolateral surface of humerus, and posterior surface of humerus.
Insertion: olecranon of ulna.
[11.16] What is the action of triceps brachii?
Extension of forearm and arm.
[11.16] What is the origin and insertion of anconeus?
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus.
Insertion: olecranon and shaft of ulna.
[11.16] What is the action of anconeus?
Extension of forearm.
[11.16] What is the major forearm pronator and its action.
The pronator teres, pronation
[11.16] What is the major forearm supinator and its action?
Supinator, supination.
[11.17] List the muscles of the superficial anterior compartment of the forearm.
- Flexor carpi radialis
- Palmaris longus
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
- Flexor digitorum superficialis.
[11.17] What is the origin and insertion of flexor carpi radialis?
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Metacarpals II and II
[11.17] What is the action of flexor carpi radialis?
Flexion and abduction of hand.
[11.17] What is the action of palmaris longus?
Flexion of hand.
[11.17] What is the origin and insertion of flexor carpi ulnaris?
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, posterosuperior border of ulna.
Insertion: pisiform, hamate, and base of metacarpal V
[11.17] What is the action of flexor carpi ulnaris?
Flexion and adduction of hand.
[11.17] What is the origin and insertion of flexor digitorum superficialis?
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, and anterolateral ridge of radius.
Insertion: middle phalanx of each digit.
[11.17] List the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the forearm.
- Extensor carpi radialis longus
- Extensor digitorum
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
[11.17] What is the action of the extensor carpi radialis longus?
Extension and abduction of hand.
[11.17] What is the origin and insertion of extensor digitorum?
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: distal and middle phalanges of fingers
[11.17] What is the action of extensor digitorum?
Extension of distal and middle phalanges.
[11.17] What is the origin and insertion of extensor carpi ulnaris?
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna.
Insertion: Metacarpal V
[11.17] What is the action of the extensor carpi ulnaris?
Extension and adduction of hand.
[11.19] List the major muscle groups of the neck and back that move the vertebral column.
- Erector spinae
- Scalenes
[11.19] List the muscles composing the erector spinae group.
- Iliocostalis group
- Longissimus muscles
- Spinalis muscles
[11.19] List the muscles of the iliocostalis group.
- Iliocostalis Cervicis
- Iliocostalis thoracis
- Iliocostalis lumborum
[11.19] What is the action of the iliocostalis group?
Extension, posture, and lateral flexion of respective vertebral columns
[11.19] List the muscles in the scalenes muscle group.
- Anterior scalene
- Middle scalene
- Posterior scalene
[11.19] What is the action of the anterior scalene?
Elevation of first ribs during forced inhalation in conjunction with middle scalenes.
[11.19] What is the action and reverse action of middle scalenes?
Elevation of first ribs during forced inhalation in conjunction with anterior scalenes
Reverse action: flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of cervical vertebrae.
[11.19] What is the action and reverse action of posterior scalene?
Action: Elevate second ribs during forced inhalation
Reverse action: flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of cervical vertebrae.
[11.20] List the major muscles of the gluteal region that move the femur
- Iliopsoas (Psoas Major only)
- Iliacus
- Gluteus maximus
- Gluteus medius
- Adductor longus
- Adductor magnus
[11.20] What is the origin and insertion of psoas major?
Origin: transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur as fibers of the iliacus muscle
[11.20] What is the action of psoas major?
Flexion, rotation of thigh, and flexion of trunk
[11.20] what is the origin and insertion of gluteus maximus?
Origin: iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx, and aponeurosis of sacrospinalis
Insertion: iliotibial tract of fascia lata and linea aspera under greater trochanter of femur.
[11.20] What is the action and reverse action of gluteus maximus?
Action: extension and lateral rotation of thigh
Reverse action: Extension of torso
[11.20] What is the action and reverse action of the adductor longus?
Adduction and flexion of thigh
RMA: extension of thigh
[11.20] What is the action of adductor magnus?
Flexion, extension, adduction, and rotation of thigh.
[11.21] List the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh that move the femur, tibia, and fibula.
- Quadriceps femoris
- Sartorius
[11.21] List the muscles of the quadriceps femoris and their origins
- Rectus femoris, anterior inferior iliac spine
- Vastus lateralis, greater trochanter and linea aspera
- Vastus medialis, linea aspera
- Vastus intermedius, anterior and lateral surfaces of body of femur
[11.21] List the insertion point of the quadriceps femoris.
The patella via quadriceps tendon, extending down to tibial tuberosity as patellar ligament.
[11.21] What is the action of the quadriceps femoris?
Extension of leg, flexion of thigh.
[11.21] What is the action of sartorius?
Weak flexion of leg and weak flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation of thigh.
[11.21] What is the muscle group of the posterior compartment of the thigh moving the femur, tibia, and fibula?
The hamstrings.
[11.21] List the muscles of hamstrings
- Biceps femoris
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranous
[11.21] What is the origin and insertion of the biceps femoris?
Origin: ischial tuberosity and linea aspera
Insertion: head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
[11.21] What is the action of the biceps femoris?
Flexion of leg and extension of thigh
[11.21] What is the action of the semitendinosus?
Flexion of leg and extension of thigh
[11.21] What is the action of semimembranous?
Flexion of leg and extension of thigh
[11.22] List the major muscles of the leg that move the foot and toes, including their respective compartment.
- Tibialis anterior, anterior compartment
- Extensor digitorum longus, anterior compartment
- Fibularis longus, lateral compartment
- Gastrocnemius, superficial posterior compartment
- Soleus, superficial posterior compartment
- Flexor digitorum longus, deep posterior compartment
[11.22] What is the origin and insertion of the tibialis anterior?
Origin: lateral condyle and body of tibia, interosseous membrane
Insertion: metatarsal I and first cuneiform
[11.22] What is the action of the tibialis anterior?
Dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
[11.22] What is the origin and insertion of extensor digitorum longus?
Origin: lateral condyle of tibia, anterior surface of fibula, interosseous membrane
Insertion: middle and distal phalanges of toes II-V
[11.22] What is the action of extensor digitorum longus?
Dorsiflexion and extension of distal and middle phalanges of toes.
[11.22] What is the action of fibularis longus?
Plantar flexion and eversion
[11.22] What is the origin and insertion of gastrocnemius?
Origin: lateral and medial condyles of femur and capsule of knee
Insertion: calcaneus
[11.22] What is the action of gastrocnemius?
Plantar flexion of foot and flexion of leg.
[11.22] What is the action of the soleus?
Plantar flexion of foot.
[11.22] What is the origin and insertion of flexor digitorum longus?
Origin: middle posterior surface of tibia
Insertion: Distal phalanges of toes II-V
[11.22] What is the action of flexor digitorum longus?
Plantar flexion of foot, flexion of distal, middle, and proximal phalanges
