chpater 6- punishment Flashcards
1
Q
conditioned punisher (secondary)
A
- a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired to a number of times with an established punisher and consequently functions as a punisher itself
2
Q
generalized conditioned punisher
A
- a conditioned punisher that has been paired with a variety of other punishers; the word no is a generalized conditioned punisher for many people
3
Q
negative punishment
A
- a type of punishment in which the occurrence of a behaviour is followed by a removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus; it results in the future probability of the behaviour
_includes time-out from positive reinforcement and response cost
4
Q
positive punishment
A
- a type of punishment in which contingent on behaviour, an aversive stimulus or events presented and the probability of the behaviour decreases in the future
- one is based on the PRemack principle which is when after engaging in a problem behaviour, a person has to do something they do not want to do, the person will less likely to engage in the problem behaviour in the future
5
Q
punisher
A
- a stimulus or event that, when presented contingent on the occurrence of a behaviour, decreases the future probability of the behaviour
6
Q
response cost
A
- a negative punishment procedure in which contingent on a behaviour, a specified amount of reinforcer is removed
7
Q
time-out from positive reinforcement
A
- a type of negative punishment in which contingent on the occurrence of the problem behaviour, the person loses access to positive reinforcers for a brief period; typically, the person is removed from the reinforcing environment in a time-out procedure
8
Q
unconditioned punisher (primary)
A
- a stimulus or event that is naturally punishing because avoiding or minimizing contact with such a stimulus has survival value; no prior conditioning is needed for a unconditioned punisher to function as a punisher; examples are painful stimuli or extreme levels of stimulation
9
Q
punishment
A
- the process in which a behaviour is followed by a consequence that results in a decrease in the future probability of the behaviour
- *weakens operant behaviour
- you punish behaviour, not people
- *super fast and effective in immediately decreasing behaviour
10
Q
factors that influence the effectiveness of punishment
A
- immediacy
- contingency
- motivating operations
- individual differences and magnitude of the punisher
11
Q
immediacy
A
- when a punishing stimulus immediately follows a behaviour, or when the loss of a reinforcer occurs immediately after the behaviour, the behaviour is more likely to be weakened
12
Q
contingency
A
- for punishment to be most effective, the punishing stimulus should occur EVERY time the behaviour occurs
- that would mean that the punishing consequence is contingent on the behaviour when the punisher follows the behaviour each time the behaviour occurs and the punisher does not occur when the behaviour does not occur
13
Q
Motivating operations
A
- just as establishing operations and abolishing operations may influence the effectiveness of reinforcers, they also influence the effectiveness of punishers
- in the case of negative punishment, deprivation is an EO that makes the loss of reinforcers more effectiveness and satiation an AO that makes the loss of reinforcers less effective as a punisher
14
Q
individual differences and magnitude of punisher
A
- a factor that influences the effectiveness of punishment is the nature of the punishing consequence
15
Q
ethical issues
A
- debate exists among professionals about whether it is ethical to use punishment, especially painful to aversive stimuli, to change the behaviour of others
