chapter 4- reinforcemnet Flashcards

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1
Q

abolishing operations

A

(AO)- makes a reinforcer less potent

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2
Q

acquisition

A
  • the development of a new behaviour through reinforcement
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3
Q

aversive stimulus

A
  • the stimulus that is removed or avoided after the behaviour
  • often seen as something painful, unpleasant or annoying
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4
Q

avoidance behaviour

A
  • the occurrence of the behaviour presents an aversive stimulus from occurring
  • the person avoid the aversive stimulus by engaging in a particular behaviour, and that behaviour when this warning stimulus is present
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5
Q

backup reinforcer

A
  • reinforcers used in a toke economy; a client receives tokens for desirable behaviours and exchange a specified number of tokens for any of a variety of backup reinforcers
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6
Q

concurrent operant

A
  • two or more different behaviours of reinforcement, and response options are concurrently available for the person; each response option is associated with a specific reinforcement schedule
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7
Q

concurrent schedules of reinforcement

A
  • schedules of reinforcement that exists at the same time for two or more different behaviours; which particular behaviour occurs at a particular time depends on the relative schedule of reinforcement, magnitude of reinforcement, delay of reinforcement, and response effort for the available behaviours
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8
Q

conditioned reinfrocement

A
  • a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired a number of times with an established reinforcers and consequently functions as a reinforcer itself
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9
Q

consequence

A
  • the stimulus or event occurring immediately after a behaviour
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10
Q

contingency

A
  • a relationship b/w a response and a consequence in which the consequence is presented if and only if the response occurs, when such a relationship exists the consequence is said to be contingent on the response
  • when contingency exists, the consequence is more likely to enforce the response
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11
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)

A
  • one where each occurrence of a response is reinforced
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12
Q

deprivation

A
  • type of establishing operation that increases the effectiveness of most unconditioned reinforcers and some conditioned reinforcers
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13
Q

escape behaviour

A
  • the occurrence of the behaviour results in the termination of an aversive that was already present when the behaviour occurred
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14
Q

establishing operations

A

(EO)- makes a reinforcer more potent; established the effectiveness of a reinforcer

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15
Q

fixed interval schedule

A
  • the interval of time is fixed, or stays the same each time
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16
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A
  • a specific of fixed number of responses must occur before the reinforcer is delivered
  • the number of responses needed before the reinforcement is delivered does not change
17
Q

generalized conditioned reinforcement

A
  • a conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with (exchanged for) an almost unlimited variety of reinforcers; money and praise generalized are conditioned reinforcers for many people
18
Q

intermittent reinforcement schedule

A
  • each occurrence of the response is not reinforced; responses are occasionally to intermittently reinforced
19
Q

law of effect

A

The law of effect principle developed by Edward Thorndike suggested that responses closely followed by satisfaction will become firmly attached to the situation and therefore more likely to reoccur when the situation is repeated.

20
Q

maintenance

A
  • continuation of the behaviour change for a long period after the termination of a behaviour modification program; also continuation of an operant behaviour with intermittent behaviour
21
Q

motivating operations (MO)

A
  • an antecedent stimulus or event that alters the value of a reinforcer and alters the probability of the behavior that produces that reinforcer
22
Q

negative reinforcement

A
  • a type of reinforcement in which the occurrence of the behaviour is followed by the removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus; it results in increase in the future probability of the behaviour
23
Q

operant behaviour

A
  • a behaviour that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement
  • *acts on the environment to produce a consequence
24
Q

positive reinforcement

A
  • a type of reinforcement in which contingent on the behaviour on the behaviour a stimulus or event is presented and the probability of the behaviour increases in the future
25
Q

premack principle

A
  • one type of positive reinforcement in which the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behaviour is made contingent on the occurrence of a low-probability behaviour to increase the low-probability behaviour
26
Q

reinforcement

A
  • the process in which the occurrence of a behaviour is followed by a consequence that results in an increase in the future probability of the behaviour
27
Q

reinforcer

A
  • the consequence that strengthens an operant behaviour
28
Q

response effort

A
  • the amount of force, exertion, or time involves in executing a response; withan increase in response effort for one behaviour, the probability of that behaviour decreases relative to the probability of functionally equivalent alternative behaviour
29
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

station

30
Q

schedule of reinforcement

A
  • specifies whether every response is followed by a reinforcer or whether only some responses are followed by a reinforcer
31
Q

stimulus

A
  • an object or event that can be detected by one of the senses and thus has the potential to influence the person
32
Q

token

A
  • a conditioned reinforcer used in a token economy; the token is something that can be given to another person and accumulated by that person; the token is a conditioned reinforcer because it is given to the person after a desirable behaviour and is exchanged for established reinforcers called “back-up reinforcers”
33
Q

unconditioned reinforcement

A
  • a stimulus that is naturally reinforcing because the capacity for our behaviour to be strengthened by the stimulus has survival value; no prior conditioning is necessary for an unconditioned reinforcer to be a reinforcer
34
Q

variable interval schedule

A
  • the reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an interval of time has elapsed
35
Q

variable ratio schedule

A
  • a schedule of reinforcement in which a specified number of responses is needed for the delivery of the reinforcer; the number of responses needed around an average number
  • *a reinforcer is delivered after an AVERAGE number of X RESPONSES
36
Q

positive reinforcer

A
  • the stimulus that is presented or appears after the behaviour