Chp 8.2: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

Question 1

encoding

Answer 1

getting information into the memory system by translating it into a neural code that the brain processes and stores

Question 2

What are the two types of encoding?

Answer 2

Effortful and automatic processing

Question 3

Effortful processing (give some eg.)

Answer 3

encoding that is initiated intentionally and requires conscious attention
Eg. Rehearsing, making lists, make class notes

Question 4

Automatic processing

Answer 4

encoding that occurs without intention and requires minimal attention. (eg. What you did yesterday)

Question 5

Information about frequency, spatial location, and sequence of events often enters memory through ____________ processing.

Answer 5

Automatic

Question 6

levels of processing (Craik and Lockhart)

Answer 6

the concept that the more deeply we process information, the better it will be remembered

Question 7

What are the two types of effortful processing/extending duration of working memory? (Which one is deeper)

Answer 7

• Elaborative rehearsal (deeper processing)

- Maintenance rehearsal (shallower)

Question 8

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 8

the simple mental repetition of information

Question 9

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 9

focusing on the meaning of information or relating it to other things we already know

Question 10

4 ways to organise memory

Answer 10

• hierarchy (organise how things relate/ visual organisation)
• chunking
• mnemonic devices (acronyms, chunking too)
• visual imagery

Question 11

dual coding theory (Paivio)

Answer 11

the theory that, if we encode information by using both verbal and imagery codes, the chances improve that at least one of the two codes will be available later to support recall

Question 12

schema (2)

Answer 12

• a “mental framework”—an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as a class of people, events, situations, or objects
• To organise and interpret information in a certain way

Question 13

storage

Answer 13

the retention of information over time

Question 14

associative network

Answer 14

the view that long-term memory is organized as a massive network of associated ideas and concepts

Question 15

priming

Answer 15

the activation of one concept (or one unit of information) by another

Question 16

neural network (2)

Answer 16

• a model in which each concept stored in memory is represented by a unique pattern of distributed and simultaneously activated nodes that process information in parallel; also known as a parallel distributed processing model
• assumes that a node in a network is physical in nature and that it does not contain an individual unit of information.

Question 17

What are the two types of long term memory?

Answer 17

• declarative

- procedural

Question 18

declarative memory (2)

Answer 18

our memory for factual knowledge, which is composed of two subcategories:

• episodic memory= knowledge pertaining to personal experience
• semantic memory= knowledge of general facts and language

Question 19

episodic memory (declarative)

Answer 19

knowledge pertaining to personal experience

Question 20

semantic memory(declarative)

Answer 20

knowledge of general facts and language

Question 21

procedural memory (2)

Answer 21

memory that is reflected in learned skills and actions; also known as non-declarative memory

• skills: motor and cognitive
• Classical conditioning effects

Question 22

explicit memory

Answer 22

conscious or intentional memory retrieval

Question 23

implicit memory

Answer 23

the ability of memory to influence our behaviour without conscious awareness

Question 24

retrieval

Answer 24

the process of accessing information in long-term memory

Question 25

retrieval cue

Answer 25

any stimulus, whether internal or external, that stimulates the activation of information stored in long-term memory

Question 26

flashbulb memories

Answer 26

recollections that seem so vivid and clear that we can picture them as if they were a “snapshot” of a moment in time

Question 27

Flashbulb memories are often ____________ and research has shown that they are frequently ___________.

Answer 27

vivid and easy to remember; inaccurate

Question 28

encoding specificity principle

Answer 28

observation that memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding

Question 29

context-dependent memory

Answer 29

the phenomenon that it is typically easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was originally learned or experienced

Question 30

state-dependent memory

Answer 30

theory that our ability to retrieve information is greater when our internal state at the time of retrieval matches our original state during learning

Question 31

mood-congruent recall

Answer 31

tendency to recall information or events that are congruent with our current mood