Chp 8.2: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval Flashcards
encoding
getting information into the memory system by translating it into a neural code that the brain processes and stores
What are the two types of encoding?
Effortful and automatic processing
Effortful processing (give some eg.)
encoding that is initiated intentionally and requires conscious attention Eg. Rehearsing, making lists, make class notes
Automatic processing
encoding that occurs without intention and requires minimal attention. (eg. What you did yesterday)
Information about frequency, spatial location, and sequence of events often enters memory through ____________ processing.
Automatic
levels of processing (Craik and Lockhart)
the concept that the more deeply we process information, the better it will be remembered
What are the two types of effortful processing/extending duration of working memory? (Which one is deeper)
- Elaborative rehearsal (deeper processing)
- Maintenance rehearsal (shallower)
maintenance rehearsal
the simple mental repetition of information
elaborative rehearsal
focusing on the meaning of information or relating it to other things we already know
4 ways to organise memory
- hierarchy (organise how things relate/ visual organisation)
- chunking
- mnemonic devices (acronyms, chunking too)
- visual imagery
dual coding theory (Paivio)
the theory that, if we encode information by using both verbal and imagery codes, the chances improve that at least one of the two codes will be available later to support recall
schema (2)
- a “mental framework”—an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as a class of people, events, situations, or objects
- To organise and interpret information in a certain way
storage
the retention of information over time
associative network
the view that long-term memory is organized as a massive network of associated ideas and concepts
priming
the activation of one concept (or one unit of information) by another
neural network (2)
- a model in which each concept stored in memory is represented by a unique pattern of distributed and simultaneously activated nodes that process information in parallel; also known as a parallel distributed processing model
- assumes that a node in a network is physical in nature and that it does not contain an individual unit of information.
What are the two types of long term memory?
- declarative
- procedural
declarative memory (2)
our memory for factual knowledge, which is composed of two subcategories:
- episodic memory= knowledge pertaining to personal experience
- semantic memory= knowledge of general facts and language
episodic memory (declarative)
knowledge pertaining to personal experience
semantic memory(declarative)
knowledge of general facts and language
procedural memory (2)
memory that is reflected in learned skills and actions; also known as non-declarative memory
- skills: motor and cognitive
- Classical conditioning effects
explicit memory
conscious or intentional memory retrieval
implicit memory
the ability of memory to influence our behaviour without conscious awareness
retrieval
the process of accessing information in long-term memory
retrieval cue
any stimulus, whether internal or external, that stimulates the activation of information stored in long-term memory
flashbulb memories
recollections that seem so vivid and clear that we can picture them as if they were a “snapshot” of a moment in time
Flashbulb memories are often ____________ and research has shown that they are frequently ___________.
vivid and easy to remember; inaccurate
encoding specificity principle
observation that memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding
context-dependent memory
the phenomenon that it is typically easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was originally learned or experienced
state-dependent memory
theory that our ability to retrieve information is greater when our internal state at the time of retrieval matches our original state during learning
mood-congruent recall
tendency to recall information or events that are congruent with our current mood
