Chp 8.1: Memory: Intro

Question 1

anterograde amnesia

Answer 1

inability to form new long-term memories

Question 2

memory

Answer 2

the processes that allow us to record and later retrieve experiences and information

Question 3

What are the three major components in the memory model? (by Atkinson & Shiffrin)

Answer 3

• Sensory memory
• Short-term/working memory
• Long-term memory

Question 4

sensory memory

Answer 4

• brief and fleeting

- memory processes that hold incoming sensory information just long enough for it to be recognized

Question 5

different sensory registers (2) (sensory memory)

Answer 5

• Iconic stores (visual) – lasts only a fraction of a second

* Echoic stores (auditory) – lasts ~2 seconds (partial trace lasts longer)

Question 6

short-term/ working memory (3)

Answer 6

• longer, but takes work to maintain
• Temporarily hold a limited amount of information

-Active, readily available state
working memory = Information held in short-term memory is manipulated, and “works on” information, for problem-solving and planning

Question 7

memory codes (4)

Answer 7

-visual
-phonological (sounds)
-semantic (meaning)
- motor (movement) encoding
stores information so it can be retained in short-term and long-term memory

Question 8

chunking

Answer 8

combining individual items into larger units of meaning

Question 9

Four components of working memory (Baddeley)

Answer 9

• Auditory working memory (phonological loop)
• Visual-spatial working mem (visuospatial sketchpad)
• Episodic buffer
• Central executive

Question 10

Episodic buffer (component of working memory)

Answer 10

=temporary storage space where information from long-term memory and phonological loop/ visuospatial subsystems can be integrated, manipulated and made available for conscious awareness

Question 11

Central executive (component of working memory)

Answer 11

Decides how much attention to allocate to mental imagery and auditory rehearsal, calls up information from long-term memory, and integrates the input. (Emotions influence)

Question 12

long-term memory (2)

Answer 12

• can be indefinite

- our vast library of durable stored memories

Question 13

serial position effect

Answer 13

predictable change in memorability of items, based on hypothesized short-term / long-term memory distinction (eg. is influenced by a word’s position in a series of items)

Question 14

Two components of serial position effect

Answer 14

• Primacy effect (superior recall of early words, to long term faster)
• Recency effect (superior recall of most recent words, still in short term, when delayed in recall it is less rmb)