Chp 13.4: Social Relations II Flashcards
Different helping behaviours (4)
- Casual helping
• E.g., lending a pen, giving directions - Substantial person helping
• E.g., helping a friend pack and move, giving a friend a ride - Emotional helping
• E.g., listening to a friend’s problem, providing moral support - Emergency helping
• E.g., offering help after an accident, taking someone to a hospital
norm of reciprocity
the norm that when other people treat us well, we should respond in kind
Identify four common compliance techniques
- Norm of reciprocity
- Door-in-the-face
- Foot-in-the-door
- Lowballing
door-in-the-face technique
a manipulation technique in which a persuader makes a large request, expecting you to reject it, and then presents a smaller request
foot-in-the-door technique
a manipulation technique in which the persuader gets someone to comply with a small request first and later presents a larger request
lowballing
a manipulation technique in which a persuader gets someone to commit to some behaviour and then increases the “cost” of that same behaviour
empathy-altruism hypothesis
the theory that pure altruism does exist, and that it is produced by empathy
negative state relief model
Relieving our own distress is a self-focused goal and not altruism
Social comparison
Look around to see how other people are responding
bystander effect
the finding that the presence of multiple bystanders inhibits each person’s tendency to help, largely because of social comparison or diffusion of responsibility
diffusion of responsibility
If there are other people who can help, then there may be a diffusion of responsibility
Bystander Intervention: 5 step process
- Notice an event
- Interpret as emergency (use information social influence to determine)
- Assume responsibility for helping
- Know how to help
- Decide to help (Even if a bystander knows how to help and is confident that they can be effective, they might think about whether there are any personal costs)
When are we more likely to help?
- in a good mood
- feeling guilty about something we’ve done recently
- exposed to a role model who has been helpful
- not in a rush, not under time pressure
Who are more likely to receive help?
- Similarity (thinking a person is similar to us increases our willingness to provide help)
- Gender (if bystander is male, females are more likely to receive help)
- Perceived responsibility (more likely to receive help if the need for aid is viewed as being factors beyond one’s control)
Prosocial behaviour has been shown to increase when:
- Exposing individuals to prosocial modelling
- Developing feelings of empathy and affiliation with others
- Learning about factors that drive the bystander effect
just world hypothesis
holds that because people want to view the world as fair, they perceive that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
What are the brain regions related to aggression?
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Frontal lobes (impulse control)
What are the body chemicals related to aggression?
Serotonin (low levels play a role in impulsive aggression)
Testosterone (higher levels lead to greater social aggression)
frustration-aggression hypothesis
the view that (1) frustration inevitably leads to aggression, and (2) all aggression is the result of frustration
(Disproved)
Identify some major types of environmental stimuli that increase the risk of aggression.
Painful stimuli
Provocation (insults, etc.)
Crowding (feel little control)
Heat
catharsis
the discharge of aggressive energy and temporary reduction of the impulse to aggress argued to occur through performing an act of aggression
