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PSYCH1100E > Chp 3.4: The Brain > Flashcards

Chp 3.4: The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major areas of the brain?

A
  • Hindbrain (bottom)
  • Midbrain
  • Forebrain
  • Cerebral Cortex (top)
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2
Q

Why can we think of the brain as a hierarchical structure ?

A

“older structures” on bottom responsible for basic physiological functions, like breathing and heartbeat regulation

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3
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the hindbrain?

A
  • Brainstem

- Cerebellum

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4
Q

What are the 2 areas in the brainstem?

A

-Medulla
-Pons
(Hindbrain)

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5
Q

Medulla (2)

A
  • Heart rate & respiration
  • Thoroughfare for sensory information

(Hindbrain: Brainstem)

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6
Q

Pons (3)

A

Regulate sleep, dreaming, respiration

Hindbrain: Brainstem

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7
Q

Cerebellum (2)

A

-Muscular movement
-Learning and memory
-and more..
(Hindbrain)

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8
Q

The Reticular Formation (3)

A
  • Acts as a kind of a guard, both alerting higher centres of the brain that messages are coming
  • Either block those messages or allow them to go forward
  • Important for states of consciousness (attending/alert vs. sleep)

(Midbrain)

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9
Q

Appearance of The Reticular Formation

A

Finger-shaped structure that extends from the hindbrain up into the lower portions of the forebrain

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10
Q

What are the 4 main parts in the forebrain?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Hypothalamus
  • The Limbic System
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11
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the The Limbic System?

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
  • Nucleus Accumbens

(Forebrain)

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12
Q

Thalamus (3)

A

-Sensory switchboard

  • Routes sensory information to appropriate place
    (e. g., visual goes to visual centres; auditory to auditory centres)

-All senses (except for olfaction) are routed through the thalamus

(Forebrain)

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13
Q

Basal Ganglia (3)

A
  • Distinct structures surrounding the thalamus
  • Voluntary motor control
  • Initiating voluntary movement

(Forebrain)

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14
Q

What disease is linked to damage of basal ganglia? (2)

A

Parkinson’s Disease:

  • Neurons that supply dopamine to the basal ganglia degenerate
  • Eventual paralysis
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15
Q

Hypothalamus (3)

A
  • Major role in controlling biological drives
  • eg. Sexual behaviour, eating, drinking, aggression, emotion
  • Connection with pituitary gland that controls hormones
  • Damage can disrupt all these behaviours

(Forebrain)

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16
Q

Hippocampus (2)

A
  • Forming & retrieving memories
  • Damage to hippocampus can result in profound amnesia

(Forebrain: The Limbic System)

17
Q

Amygdala

A

-Organizes emotional responses
(Especially those linked to aggression & fear)

(Forebrain: The Limbic System)

18
Q

Nucleus Accumbens (4)

A

-Linked to effects of drugs and abuse
(Cocaine, opiates etc. Stimulate release of dopamine in nucleus accumbens)

  • Linked to rewards such as food, sexually-relevant cues
  • Heightened response to both pleasurable and aversive stimuli
  • Critical in forming memories involving both positive and negative environmental stimuli

(Forebrain: The Limbic System)

19
Q

Cerebral Cortex (3)

A
  • 2/3 cm sheet of grey matter (unmyelinated cells)
  • 75% of area lies within fissures (folds)
  • Provide landmarks for dividing cortex into major areas
20
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the Cerebral Cortex?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal

21
Q

Motor Cortex (4)

A
  • Controls movement on opposite side of body
  • Controls movement of over 600 voluntary muscles
  • stimulates muscles that produce speech
  • Located at rear of frontal lobe (cerebral cortex)
22
Q

Somatic Sensory Cortex (3)

A
  • Receives specific sense information from opposite side of body
  • At least one specific area for each sense
  • Located in parietal lobe (cerebral cortex)
23
Q

What are the two important areas for speech comprehension and production?

A

1) Wernicke’s area

2) Broca’s area

24
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

important in the comprehension of spoken or written speech

25
Q

Broca’s area

A

involved in the production of speech, and stimulates motor cortex

26
Q

Association Cortex (5)

A
  • the areas of the cerebral cortex that do not have sensory or motor functions
  • Found within all lobes
  • Thought to be involved in highest level of mental functioning (perception, language, thought, reasoning)
  • Referred to as the “silent areas”
  • electrically stimulating them does not give rise to either sensory experience or motor response

-Accounts for 75% of human brain

27
Q

What traits of a person the frontal lobes (prefrontal cortex) are responsible for? (4)

A

-Self-awareness; planning; initiative; responsibility; emotional experience

28
Q

Where in the frontal lobe is the prefrontal cortex located?

A

area of frontal lobe behind the eyes and forehead.

29
Q

What connects the 2 hemispheres (brain) together?

A

corpus callosum (white matter)

30
Q

Lateralization (3)

A
  • Functions localized/more strongly represented in one hemisphere
  • Left – verbal and logical abilities
  • Right – spatial relations, music processing
31
Q

What happens if corpus callous is severed? (3)

Split Brain Experiment

A
  • Hemispheres no longer communicate
  • But optic nerve remains intact
  • With optic nerve, fibers cross over (contralateral processing)
  • Fibers cross over
  • Left visual field processed in right hemisphere
  • Right visual field processed in left hemisphere
32
Q

Neural Plasticity

A

Change in structure and function

33
Q

What is the result of damaged Broca’s/Wernicke’s speech areas?

A

Aphasia

PSYCH1100E (43 decks)

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