Chp 7.4: Operant Conditioning 2

Question 1

Contingency Management

Answer 1

• Make reinforcers contingent on some target behaviour

- Eg. Allowance can be made contingent on a tidy room

Question 2

Token Economies

Answer 2

• Tangible conditioned reinforcers (tokens) are made contingent on a variety of behaviours.
• Tokens exchanged with primary reinforcers

Question 3

Stimulus Control

Answer 3

• Addictive behaviours can be brought under stimulus control
• Eg. Smoking is associated with many activities and situations: Stimuli stimulate the craving
• Solution: limit smoking to particular times and places

Question 4

Episodic memory

Answer 4

• Memory of every day events that can be explicitly stated or conjured
• Personal memory for: ‘what’, ‘when’, ‘where’

Question 5

Metacognition

Answer 5

Refers to the knowledge about knowledge, eg. The limits of one’s knowledge

Question 6

Theory of mind

Answer 6

Holds that animal minds are qualitively like human minds in that they can infer mental states in others (little evidence to prove)

Question 7

escape conditioning

Answer 7

a form of learning in which the organism learns to perform a behaviour to escape from an aversive stimulus

Question 8

avoidance conditioning

Answer 8

the conditioning of an organism to perform a response to avoid an undesirable consequence

Question 9

two-factor theory of avoidance learning

Answer 9

theory that avoidance learning first involves the classical conditioning of fear, followed by learning operant responses that avoid an anticipated aversive stimulus and thus are reinforced by anxiety reduction

Question 10

behaviour modification

Answer 10

a process in which Pavlovian and Operant conditioning is combined with scientific data collection to solve individual and societal problems

Question 11

preparedness

Answer 11

the notion that evolutionary factors have produced an innate readiness to learn certain associations that have had survival implications in the past

Question 12

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 12

a learned repulsion to a food that formerly was neutral or desired, by virtue of pairing the food with an aversive UCS (e.g., nausea, stomach illness)

Question 13

instinctive drift

Answer 13

the tendency for innate behaviours to override a conditioning procedure, thus making it difficult to create or maintain a conditioned response

Question 14

insight

Answer 14

in Gestalt psychology, the sudden perception of a useful relationship or a solution to a problem

Question 15

latent learning

Answer 15

learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement, but which is not displayed until reinforcement is later introduced into the situation

Question 16

observational learning

Answer 16

learning through observing the behaviour of a model

Question 17

social cognitive theory

Answer 17

a cognitive-behavioural approach to personality, developed by Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel, that emphasizes the role of social learning, cognitive processes, and self-regulation

Question 18

The Modelling Process (4-step by Bandura)

Answer 18

• Attention: First, we must pay attention to the model’s behaviour.
• Retention: Second, we must retain that information in memory so that it can be recalled when needed.
• Reproduction: Third, we must be physically capable of reproducing the model’s behaviour or something similar to it.
• Motivation: Fourth, we must be motivated to display the behaviour.