Chemistry Reaction Types Flashcards
Combination reactions are ___ in which two or more reactants form one product
reactants
Combination ___ can occur when elements react to form compounds, such as during the formation of sulfur dioxide by burning sulfur
reactions
Combination reactions can also occur when two compounds react to forma new ___.
NH3 (g) + HCl (g) -> NH4 Cl (s)
compound
A ___ reaction is defined as one in which a compound breaks down into two or more substances, usually as a result of heating or electrolysis
decomposition reaction
___ is a specific process that causes the decomposition of a compound by passing an electric current through the reactant
electrolysis
A ___ reaction is the breakdown of mercury (II) oxide (the sign delta represents the addition of heat):
2HgO (s) -> delta 2 Hg (l) + O2 (g)
decomposition
Single-displacement ___ occur when an atom (or ion) of one compound is replaced by an atom of another element
reactions
Single-displacement reactions are often further classified as ___ reactions
redox
Because many ___, including some displacements, involve ions in solution, their net equations can also be written in ionic form
reactions
When ___ reactions occur, there are usually spectator ions that do not take part in the overall reaction but simply remain in solution throughout
displacement
Net ionic equations are important for demonstrating the actual ___ that occurs during a displacement reaction
reaction
In double-displacement reactions, also called ___, elements from two different compounds displace each other to form two new compounds
metathesis reactions
Metathesis reactions occur when one of the ___ is removed from the solution as a precipitate or gas, or when two of the original species combine to form a weak electrolyte that remains undissociated in solution
products
___ are a specific type of double displacement that occurs when an acid reacts with a base to produce a solution of a salt and a water
neutralization reactions
A reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one species to another is an ___ (redox) reaction
oxidation-reduction
Oxidation-reduction reaction scan be divided into two ___, oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons)
half-reactions
The law of ___ states that an electrical charge can be neither created nor destroyed. Thus, an isolated loss or gain of electrons cannot occur; oxidation and reduction must occur simultaneously, resulting in an electron transfer called a redox reaction
conservation of charge
An ___, or oxidant, causes another atom in a redox reaction to undergo oxidation and is itself reduced. A reducing agent, or reductant, causes the other atom to be reduced and is itself oxidized
oxidizing agent
OIL RIG: ___ Is Loss of electrons, Reduction Is Gain of electrons
oxidation
LEO the lion says GER: Loss of ___ is Oxidation, Gain of Electrons is Reduction
electrons
LEORA says GEROA: Loss of Electrons is ___ (Reducing Agent), Gain of Electrons is Reduction (Oxidizing Agent)
oxidation
___ are assigned to atoms to keep track of the redistribution of electrons during a chemical reaction
oxidation numbers
From the oxidation numbers of the reactants and products, it is possible to determine how many ___ are gained or lost by each atom
electrons
The ___ is the number of charges an atom would have in a molecule if electrons were completely transferred in the direction indicated by the difference in electronegativity
oxidation number
Along the same lines, an ___ is said to be oxidized (loses electrons) if its oxidation number increases in a given reaction, and an element is said to be reduced (gains electrons) if the oxidation number of the element decreases in a given reaction
element
The ___ of a free element (an element in its elemental state) is zero, irrespective of how complex the molecule is.
The oxidation number for a monatomic ion is equal to the charge of the ion.
The oxidation number of each Group IA element in a compound is +1. The oxidation of each Group IIA element in a compound is +2.
The oxidation number of each Group VIIA element in a compound is -1, except when combined with an element of higher electronegativity
The oxidation number of hydrogen is generally +1. However, the oxidation number can be -1 when H is placed with less electronegative elements (Groups IA and IIA).
In most compounds, the oxidation number of oxygen is -2. This is not the case, however in molecules such as OF2. Here, because F is more electronegative and has an oxidation state of -1, the oxidation number of oxygen is +2. Also, in peroxides such as BaO2, the oxidation number of O is -1 instead of -2 because of the structure of the peroxide ion, [O-O]2- (for confirmation, note that Ba, a Group IIA element, cannot be a +4 cation).
oxidation number
The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms present in a neutral ___ is zero. The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms present in a polyatomic ion is equal to the charge of the ion.
Fluorine has an oxidation number of -1 in all compounds because it has the highest electronegativity of all the elements
Metallic elements have only positive oxidation numbers; however, nonmetallic elements may have a positive or negative oxidation number
compound
The most common method for balancing ___ is the half-reaction method, also known as the ion-electron method, in which the equation is separated into two half-reactions - the oxidation part and the reduction part
redox reactions
