Biology Muscular and Skeletal Systems Flashcards

1
Q

The rib cage protects the thoracic organs (heart and lungs), whereas the skull and vertebral column protect the brain and ___ cord

A

spinal

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2
Q

The two major parts of the skeleton are ___ and bone

A

cartilage

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3
Q

___ are cells responsible for synthesizing cartilage

A

chrondrocytes

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4
Q

Bone is a specialized type of mineralized connective ___ that has the ability to withstand physical stress

A

tissue

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5
Q

There are two types of bone: ___ bone and spongy bone

A

compact

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6
Q

Compact bone is ___ bone that does not appear to have any cavities when observed with the naked eye and makes up 80% of the skeleton

A

dense

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7
Q

The bony ___ is deposited in structural units called osteons (Haversian systems)

A

matrix

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8
Q

Each osteon consists of a central microscopic channel called a Haversian canal, surrounded by a number of concentric circles of ___ matrix (calcium phosphate) called lamellae

A

bony

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9
Q

Spongy bone, which can be found at the ends of long bones, in the pelvic bones, skull, and vertebra, is much less dense and consists of an interconnecting ___ of bony spicules (trabeculae); the cavities between the spicules are filled with yellow or red bone marrow

A

lattice

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10
Q

Yellow marrow is ___ and infiltrated by adipose tissue; red marrow is involved in blood cell formation

A

inactive

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11
Q

Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete the organic ___ of the bone matrix; once they have become surrounded by their matrix, they mature into osteocytes

A

constituents

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12
Q

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells involved in bone ___, wherein bone is broken down and minerals (namely Ca2+) are released into the blood

A

reabsorption

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13
Q

Bone formation occurs by either endochondral ossification or by ___ ossification

A

intramembranous

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14
Q

In ___ ossification, existing cartilage is replaced by bone

A

endochondral

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15
Q

Long bones arise primarily through endochondral ___

A

ossification

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16
Q

In intramembranous ossification, ___ (embryonic or undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into and replaced by bone

A

mesenchymal

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17
Q

The ___ skeleton is the basic framework of the body, consisting of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

A

axial

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18
Q

The axial skeleton is the point of attachment of the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the ___ (limbs) and the pectoral and pelvic girdles

A

appendages

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19
Q

___ serve as bone to bone connectors

A

ligaments

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20
Q

The point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone (proximal end in limb muscles) is called the ___

A

origin

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21
Q

The point of attachment of a muscle to the ___ that moves (distal end in limb muscles) is called the insertion

A

bone

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22
Q

___ indicates a straightening of a joint, whereas flexion refers to a bending of a joint

A

extension

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23
Q

Extension and flexion require the contraction of ___ muscles

A

antagonist

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24
Q

Because there are no intervening ___, the pyramidal system is able to provide rapid commands to the skeletal muscles and various other organs

A

synapses

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25
Q

The red nucleus, located in the mesencephalon, is the component of the ___ system primarily in control of skeletal muscle tone

A

extrapyramidal

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26
Q

Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary movements and is innervated by the ___ nervous system

A

somatic

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27
Q

Embedded in the fibers of the skeletal muscle system are filaments called ___, which are further divided into contractile units called sarcomeres

A

myofibrils

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28
Q

The myofibrils are enveloped by a modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium ions and is called the ___ reticulum

A

sarcoplasmic

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29
Q

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called ___, and the cell membrane is called the sarcolemma

A

sarcoplasm

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30
Q

The ___ is capable of propagating an action potential and is connected to a system of transverse tubules (T system) oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils

A

sarcolemma

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31
Q

The T system provides ___ for ion flow throughout the muscle fibers and can also propagate an action potential

A

channels

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32
Q

Because of the high-energy requirements of contraction, ___ are very abundant in muscle cells and are distributed along the myofibrils

A

mitochondria

33
Q

___ muscle has striations of light and dark bands and is therefore also referred to as striated muscle

A

skeletal

34
Q

The sarcomere is composed of ___ and thick filaments

A

thin

35
Q

The thin filaments are chains of ___ molecules

A

actin

36
Q

The thick filaments are composed of organized bundles of ___ molecules

A

myosin

37
Q

acthin: actin ___ are thin while myosin filaments are thick

A

filaments

38
Q

Electron microscopy reveals that the sarcomere is organized as follows: ___ define the boundaries of a single sarcomere and anchor the thin filaments

A

Z lines

39
Q

In Skeletal muscle, the M line runs down the ___ of the sarcomere

A

center

40
Q

The ___ is the region containing thin filaments only

A

I band

41
Q

The ___ is the region containing thick filaments only

A

H zone

42
Q

The ___ spans the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions o the thin filaments

A

A band

43
Q

When the muscles contract, the ___ move toward each other

A

Z lines

44
Q

During contraction, the A band is not reduced in size, whereas the H zone and ___ are

A

I band

45
Q

Z is the end of the alphabet and therefore the end of your ___

A

sarcomeres

46
Q

M is the middle and is attached to the mighty myosin ___

A

filaments

47
Q

I is the thinnest letter so the ___ has only thin filaments

A

I band

48
Q

___ is a thick letter and has only thick filaments

A

H (zone)

49
Q

The ___ is an in between sized letter and the A band includes the overlap of thick and thin

A

A band

50
Q

Muscle ___ is stimulated by a message from the somatic nervous system sent via a motor neuron

A

contraction

51
Q

The link between the nerve terminal (synaptic bouton) and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber is called the ___ junction

A

neuromuscular

52
Q

The space between the nerve terminal and the neuromuscular junction is known as the synapse, or ___ cleft

A

synaptic

53
Q

In skeletal muscle, the ___ diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to special receptor sites on the sarcolemma

A

neurotransmitter

54
Q

In skeletal muscle, if enough receptors are stimulated, the permeability of the ___ is altered and an action potential is generated

A

sarcolemma

55
Q

In skeletal muscle, once an action potential is generated, it is conducted along the sarcolemma and the ___ and into the interior of the muscle fiber

A

T system

56
Q

In ___ muscle, once an action potential is generated, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions into the sarcoplasm

A

skeletal

57
Q

In skeletal muscle, once the sarcoplasmic ___ releases calcium ions, calcium ions initiate the contraction of the sarcomere by binding to troponin C on the actin filaments

A

reticulum

58
Q

In skeletal muscle, once calcium ions initiate the contraction of the sarcomere, allosteric changes occur in the proteins that allow ___ heads to bind to these sites on the actin

A

myosin

59
Q

In skeletal muscle, after allosteric changes, use of energy allows a power stroke to occur, pulling the ___ closer together

A

Z bands

60
Q

In skeletal muscle, once a power stroke occurs, actin and ___ slide past each other, and the sarcomere contracts

A

myosin

61
Q

A simple ___ is the response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stimulus and consists of a latent period, a contraction period, and a relaxation period

A

twitch

62
Q

The ___ period is the time between stimulation and the onset of contraction

A

latent

63
Q

During the latent period, the action potential spreads along the ___, and Ca2+ ions are released

A

sarcolemma

64
Q

After the ___ period, there is a brief relaxation period during which the muscle is unresponsive to stimulus; this period is known as the absolute refractory period

A

contraction

65
Q

When the contractions begin to combine, becoming stronger and more prolonged, this is known as ___ summation

A

temporal

66
Q

When the ___ become continuous when the stimuli are so frequent that the muscle cannot relax this type of contraction is known as tetanus and is stronger than a simple twitch of a single fiber

A

contractions

67
Q

If ___ is maintained, the muscle will fatigue, and the contraction will weaken

A

tetanus

68
Q

___ is a state of partial contraction

A

tonus

69
Q

___ are never completely relaxed and maintain a partially contracted state at all times

A

muscles

70
Q

During periods of strenuous activity, skeletal muscles convert glucose to pyruvic acid through the process of ___

A

glycolysis

71
Q

Glycolysis enables ___ muscles to continue contracting even in the absence of oxygen

A

skeletal

72
Q

Lactic acid is generated in the absence of ___ in muscle contraction when pyruvic acid reacts with the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase

A

oxygen

73
Q

when ___ acid is generated, this process allows the pyruvate to enter the citric acid (or Krebs) cycle

A

lactic

74
Q

Smooth muscle is responsible for involuntary actions and is innervated by the ___ nervous system

A

autonomic

75
Q

___ muscle is found in the digestive tract, bladder, uterus, and blood vessel walls, among other places

A

smooth

76
Q

Smooth muscle cells possess one centrally located nucleus and lack the ___ of skeletal muscle

A

striations

77
Q

Smooth muscle
nonstriated, one nucleus per cell, involuntary/autonomic nervous system, smooth, continuous contractions
Cardiac Muscle
striated, one to two nuclei per cell, involuntary/autonomic nervous system, strong, forceful contractions
Skeletal Muscle
___, multinucleated cells, voluntary/somatic nervous system, strong, forceful contractions

A

striated

78
Q

In vertebrates, energy can be temporarily stored in a high-energy compound called ___ phosphate

A

creatine

79
Q

___ has a high oxygen affinity (found in muscle tissue) and maintains the oxygen supply in muscles by tightly binding to oxygen

A

myoglobin