Biology Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards
Blood is pumped into the ___, which branches into a series of arteries
aorta
The arteries branch into ___ and then into microscopic capillaries
arterioles
Exchange of gases, nutrients, and cellular waste products occurs via ___ cross capillary walls
diffusion
The capillaries then converge into venules and eventually into ___, which carry deoxygenated blood back toward the heart
veins
From the heart, deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs, where CO2 is exchanged for O2, and this ___ blood returns to the heart to be pumped throughout the body once more
oxygenated
veINs carry ___ INto the heart. Arteries carry blood Away from the heart
blood
The right and left halves of the heart can be viewed as two separate pumps: the right side of the heart pumps ___ blood into the pulmonary circulation (toward the lungs), whereas the left side pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circulation (throughout the body)
deoxygenated
Blood returning from the body first flows through the ___ and inferior vena cava into the right atrium, then through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, and finally through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries to continue to the lungs
superior
Blood returning from the lungs flows through the ___ veins into the left atrium, then through the bicuspid, or mitral valve into the left ventricle, and finally out through the aortic semilunar valve into the systemic circulation through the aorta
pulmonary
The ___ (AV) valves, located between the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart, prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction
atrioventricular
The valve on the right side of the heart has three cusps and is called the ___ valve
tricuspid
The ___ valves have three cusps and are located between the left ventricle and the aorta (the aortic valve) and between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (the pulmonic valve)
semilunar
___ is the period during which the ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart into the pulmonary and systemic circulation
systole
___ blood pressure measures the pressure in a patient’s blood vessels when the ventricles are contracting, and diastolic blood pressure measures during relation
systolic
___ output is defined as the total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute
cardiac
Cardiac output = heart rate (number of beats per minute) x ___ volume (volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction)
stroke
An ordinary ___ contraction originates in, and is regulated by, the sinoatrial (SA) node (the pacemaker), a small mass of specialized tissue located in the wall of the right atrium
cardiac
The __ node spreads impulses through both atria, stimulating them to contract simultaneously and, thereby, filling the ventricles
SA (sinoatrial)
The impulse arrives at the atrioventricular (AV) node, which slowly conducts ___ to the rest of the heart, allowing enough time for atrial contraction and for the ventricles to fill with blood
impulses
The impulse is then carried by the bundle of His (___ bundle), which branches into the right and left bundle branches, and finally through the Purkinje fibers in the walls of both ventricles, stimulating a strong contraction
AV (atrioventricular)
A strong ___ (Purkinje fibers) contraction forces blood out f the heart into circulation
heart
The ___ nervous system modifies the rate of heart contraction
autonomic
The ___ nervous system innervates the heart via the vagus nerve and causes a decrease in heart rate
parasympathetic
The ___ nervous system innervates the heart via the cervical and upper thoracic ganglia and causes and increase in heart rate
sympathetic
The ___ medulla exerts hormonal control via epinephrine (adrenaline) secretion, which causes an increase in heart rate
adrenal
The three types of blood vessels are ___, veins, and capillaries
arteries
___ are thick-walled, muscular, elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart - except for the pulmonary arteries, which transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
arteries
___ are relatively thin-walled, inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood toward the heart - except for the pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
veins
___ have the smallest diameter of all three types of vessels; red blood cells must often travel through them single file
capillaries
The ___ system’s vessels transport excess interstitial fluid, called lymph, to the cardiovascular system, thereby keeping fluid levels in the body constant
lymphatic
The smallest lymphatic vessels (___) collect fats, in the form of chylomicrons, from the villi in the small intestine and deliver them into the bloodstream via the thoracic duct at the subclavian vein, bypassing the liver
lacteals
Lymph nodes are swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (___) that filter the lymph , remove and destroy foreign particles and pathogens and, thus, play an important role in immunity
lymphocytes
___ is the aqueous, non-cellular portion of the blood
plasma
The ___ components of blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
cellular
___ are cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation
platelets
Erythrocytes (known as red blood cells, or RBCs) are the oxygen-carrying components of ___
blood
When ___ binds oxygen it is called oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin
When ___ binds to carbon dioxide it is referred to as carbaminohemoglobin, and serves to remove carbon dioxide waste from the body
hemoglobin
Erythrocytes are formed from ___ cells in the bone marrow; their formation is stimulated by erythropoietin, a hormone made in the kidneys
stem
In the bone marrow, erythrocytes lose their nuclei, ___, and membranous organelles
mitochondria
Erythrocytes have characteristic cell-surface proteins (___)
antigens
Antigens are ___ that are foreign to the host organism and trigger an immune response
macromolecules
Blood type A, Antigen A, Antibody anti-B, Can Donate To A and AB, Can Receive From A and ___
O
Blood Type B, ___, Antibody anti A, Can Donate to B and AB, Can Receive From B and O
Antigen B
___, Antigen A and B, Antibody none, Can Donate to AB only, Can Receive from all (universal acceptor)
Blood Type AB
___, Antigen none, Antibody, anti A and anti B, Can Donate To all (universal donor) , Can receive from O only
Blood Type O
Erythroblastosis (Rh factor mismatch between individual and fetus) is not caused by ABO blood type mismatches between mother and fetus because anti A and anti B antibodies cannot cross the ___
placenta
Hemoglobin contains iron and each hemoglobin molecule is capable of ___ to four molecules of O2
binding
Throughout the body, ___ waste products (e.g., water, urea, and carbon dioxide) diffuse into capillaries from surrounding cells; these wastes are then delivered to the appropriate excretory organs
metabolic
When platelets come into contact with the exposed collagen of a damaged vessel, they release a chemical that causes neighboring ___, to adhere to one another, forming a platelet plug
platelets
After the formation of a platelet plug, the ___ and the damaged tissue release the clotting factor thromboplastin
platelets
___, with the aid of its cofactors calcium and vitamin K, converts the inactive plasma protein prothrombin to its active form thrombin
thromboplastin
___ then converts fibrinogen (another plasma protein( into fibrin
thrombin
Threads of ___ coat the damaged area and trap blood cells to form a clot
fibrin
Clots prevent extensive blood loss while the damaged ___ heals itself
vessel
The fluid left after blood ___ is called serum
clotting
The series of reactions for clotting is called the ___ cascade
clotting
Gas exchange between the lungs and the circulatory system occurs across the very thin walls of the ___, which are air-filled sacs at the terminals of the airway branches
alveoli
During ___, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the external intercostal muscles contract, pushing the rib cage and chest wall up and out
inhalation
The ___ nerve innervates the diaphragm and causes it to contract and flatten
phrenic
Upon the phrenic nerve innervating, this causes the ___ cavity to increase in volume
thoracic
Upon the thoracic cavity filling with volume, there is a reduction in pressure which causes the lungs to ___ and fill with air
expand
___ is generally a passive process
exhalation
During exhalation, the consequent decrease in thoracic cavity volume causes the pressure to ___
increase
During exhalation, the decrease in thoracic cavity volume forces air out of the ___, causing the lungs to deflate
alveoli
___ is a protein complex secreted by cells in the lungs
surfactant
Surfactant keeps the lungs from collapsing by ___ surface tension in the alveoli
decreasing
Ventilation is regulated by neurons (referred to as respiratory centers) located in the ___ oblongata
medulla
When the ___ pressure of CO2 in the blood rises, the medulla oblongata stimulates an increase in the rate of ventilation
partial
Oxygen blood levels are monitored by peripheral ___, which indirectly stimulate the respiratory center
chemoreceptors
A dense network of minute blood vessels called pulmonary ___ surrounds the alveoli
capillaries
___ lung capacity represents the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold
total
The volume of air moved during a normal resting breath is known as ___, which is significantly less than the total lung capacity
tidal volume
The volume of air that could be additionally inhaled into the lungs at the end of a normal, resting inhalation is called the ___; you can think of this as the volume of “deep breath”
inspiratory reserve volume
The volume of air left in the lungs at the end of a normal, resting exhalation is called the ___
expiratory reserve volume
The ___is the volume of air moved during a maximum inhalation followed by a maximum exhalaton
vital capacity
Air which remains after maximum exhalation is ___
residual volume
