Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DAT > Biology Circulatory and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Biology Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is pumped into the ___, which branches into a series of arteries

A

aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The arteries branch into ___ and then into microscopic capillaries

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Exchange of gases, nutrients, and cellular waste products occurs via ___ cross capillary walls

A

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The capillaries then converge into venules and eventually into ___, which carry deoxygenated blood back toward the heart

A

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

From the heart, deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs, where CO2 is exchanged for O2, and this ___ blood returns to the heart to be pumped throughout the body once more

A

oxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

veINs carry ___ INto the heart. Arteries carry blood Away from the heart

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The right and left halves of the heart can be viewed as two separate pumps: the right side of the heart pumps ___ blood into the pulmonary circulation (toward the lungs), whereas the left side pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circulation (throughout the body)

A

deoxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Blood returning from the body first flows through the ___ and inferior vena cava into the right atrium, then through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, and finally through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries to continue to the lungs

A

superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Blood returning from the lungs flows through the ___ veins into the left atrium, then through the bicuspid, or mitral valve into the left ventricle, and finally out through the aortic semilunar valve into the systemic circulation through the aorta

A

pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The ___ (AV) valves, located between the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart, prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction

A

atrioventricular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The valve on the right side of the heart has three cusps and is called the ___ valve

A

tricuspid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The ___ valves have three cusps and are located between the left ventricle and the aorta (the aortic valve) and between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (the pulmonic valve)

A

semilunar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

___ is the period during which the ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart into the pulmonary and systemic circulation

A

systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

___ blood pressure measures the pressure in a patient’s blood vessels when the ventricles are contracting, and diastolic blood pressure measures during relation

A

systolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

___ output is defined as the total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute

A

cardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cardiac output = heart rate (number of beats per minute) x ___ volume (volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction)

A

stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

An ordinary ___ contraction originates in, and is regulated by, the sinoatrial (SA) node (the pacemaker), a small mass of specialized tissue located in the wall of the right atrium

A

cardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The __ node spreads impulses through both atria, stimulating them to contract simultaneously and, thereby, filling the ventricles

A

SA (sinoatrial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The impulse arrives at the atrioventricular (AV) node, which slowly conducts ___ to the rest of the heart, allowing enough time for atrial contraction and for the ventricles to fill with blood

A

impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The impulse is then carried by the bundle of His (___ bundle), which branches into the right and left bundle branches, and finally through the Purkinje fibers in the walls of both ventricles, stimulating a strong contraction

A

AV (atrioventricular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A strong ___ (Purkinje fibers) contraction forces blood out f the heart into circulation

A

heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The ___ nervous system modifies the rate of heart contraction

A

autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The ___ nervous system innervates the heart via the vagus nerve and causes a decrease in heart rate

A

parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The ___ nervous system innervates the heart via the cervical and upper thoracic ganglia and causes and increase in heart rate

A

sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The ___ medulla exerts hormonal control via epinephrine (adrenaline) secretion, which causes an increase in heart rate

A

adrenal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The three types of blood vessels are ___, veins, and capillaries

A

arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

___ are thick-walled, muscular, elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart - except for the pulmonary arteries, which transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

A

arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

___ are relatively thin-walled, inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood toward the heart - except for the pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

A

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

___ have the smallest diameter of all three types of vessels; red blood cells must often travel through them single file

A

capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The ___ system’s vessels transport excess interstitial fluid, called lymph, to the cardiovascular system, thereby keeping fluid levels in the body constant

A

lymphatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The smallest lymphatic vessels (___) collect fats, in the form of chylomicrons, from the villi in the small intestine and deliver them into the bloodstream via the thoracic duct at the subclavian vein, bypassing the liver

A

lacteals

32
Q

Lymph nodes are swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (___) that filter the lymph , remove and destroy foreign particles and pathogens and, thus, play an important role in immunity

A

lymphocytes

33
Q

___ is the aqueous, non-cellular portion of the blood

A

plasma

34
Q

The ___ components of blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

A

cellular

35
Q

___ are cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation

A

platelets

36
Q

Erythrocytes (known as red blood cells, or RBCs) are the oxygen-carrying components of ___

A

blood

37
Q

When ___ binds oxygen it is called oxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin

38
Q

When ___ binds to carbon dioxide it is referred to as carbaminohemoglobin, and serves to remove carbon dioxide waste from the body

A

hemoglobin

39
Q

Erythrocytes are formed from ___ cells in the bone marrow; their formation is stimulated by erythropoietin, a hormone made in the kidneys

A

stem

40
Q

In the bone marrow, erythrocytes lose their nuclei, ___, and membranous organelles

A

mitochondria

41
Q

Erythrocytes have characteristic cell-surface proteins (___)

A

antigens

42
Q

Antigens are ___ that are foreign to the host organism and trigger an immune response

A

macromolecules

43
Q

Blood type A, Antigen A, Antibody anti-B, Can Donate To A and AB, Can Receive From A and ___

A

O

44
Q

Blood Type B, ___, Antibody anti A, Can Donate to B and AB, Can Receive From B and O

A

Antigen B

45
Q

___, Antigen A and B, Antibody none, Can Donate to AB only, Can Receive from all (universal acceptor)

A

Blood Type AB

46
Q

___, Antigen none, Antibody, anti A and anti B, Can Donate To all (universal donor) , Can receive from O only

A

Blood Type O

47
Q

Erythroblastosis (Rh factor mismatch between individual and fetus) is not caused by ABO blood type mismatches between mother and fetus because anti A and anti B antibodies cannot cross the ___

A

placenta

48
Q

Hemoglobin contains iron and each hemoglobin molecule is capable of ___ to four molecules of O2

A

binding

49
Q

Throughout the body, ___ waste products (e.g., water, urea, and carbon dioxide) diffuse into capillaries from surrounding cells; these wastes are then delivered to the appropriate excretory organs

A

metabolic

50
Q

When platelets come into contact with the exposed collagen of a damaged vessel, they release a chemical that causes neighboring ___, to adhere to one another, forming a platelet plug

A

platelets

51
Q

After the formation of a platelet plug, the ___ and the damaged tissue release the clotting factor thromboplastin

A

platelets

52
Q

___, with the aid of its cofactors calcium and vitamin K, converts the inactive plasma protein prothrombin to its active form thrombin

A

thromboplastin

53
Q

___ then converts fibrinogen (another plasma protein( into fibrin

A

thrombin

54
Q

Threads of ___ coat the damaged area and trap blood cells to form a clot

A

fibrin

55
Q

Clots prevent extensive blood loss while the damaged ___ heals itself

A

vessel

56
Q

The fluid left after blood ___ is called serum

A

clotting

57
Q

The series of reactions for clotting is called the ___ cascade

A

clotting

58
Q

Gas exchange between the lungs and the circulatory system occurs across the very thin walls of the ___, which are air-filled sacs at the terminals of the airway branches

A

alveoli

59
Q

During ___, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the external intercostal muscles contract, pushing the rib cage and chest wall up and out

A

inhalation

60
Q

The ___ nerve innervates the diaphragm and causes it to contract and flatten

A

phrenic

61
Q

Upon the phrenic nerve innervating, this causes the ___ cavity to increase in volume

A

thoracic

62
Q

Upon the thoracic cavity filling with volume, there is a reduction in pressure which causes the lungs to ___ and fill with air

A

expand

63
Q

___ is generally a passive process

A

exhalation

64
Q

During exhalation, the consequent decrease in thoracic cavity volume causes the pressure to ___

A

increase

65
Q

During exhalation, the decrease in thoracic cavity volume forces air out of the ___, causing the lungs to deflate

A

alveoli

66
Q

___ is a protein complex secreted by cells in the lungs

A

surfactant

67
Q

Surfactant keeps the lungs from collapsing by ___ surface tension in the alveoli

A

decreasing

68
Q

Ventilation is regulated by neurons (referred to as respiratory centers) located in the ___ oblongata

A

medulla

69
Q

When the ___ pressure of CO2 in the blood rises, the medulla oblongata stimulates an increase in the rate of ventilation

A

partial

70
Q

Oxygen blood levels are monitored by peripheral ___, which indirectly stimulate the respiratory center

A

chemoreceptors

71
Q

A dense network of minute blood vessels called pulmonary ___ surrounds the alveoli

A

capillaries

72
Q

___ lung capacity represents the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold

A

total

73
Q

The volume of air moved during a normal resting breath is known as ___, which is significantly less than the total lung capacity

A

tidal volume

74
Q

The volume of air that could be additionally inhaled into the lungs at the end of a normal, resting inhalation is called the ___; you can think of this as the volume of “deep breath”

A

inspiratory reserve volume

75
Q

The volume of air left in the lungs at the end of a normal, resting exhalation is called the ___

A

expiratory reserve volume

76
Q

The ___is the volume of air moved during a maximum inhalation followed by a maximum exhalaton

A

vital capacity

77
Q

Air which remains after maximum exhalation is ___

A

residual volume

DAT (46 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions