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DAT > Biology Developmental > Flashcards

Biology Developmental Flashcards

1
Q

Cleavage increases the ___ ratio of each cell, thereby improving gas and nutrient exchange

A

surface-area-to-volume

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2
Q

The first complete ___ of a zygote occurs approximately 32 hours after fertilization

A

cleavage

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3
Q

The second cleavage of a ___ occurs after 60 hours, and the third cleavage after approximately 72 hours, at which point the eight-celled embryo reaches the uterus

A

zygote

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4
Q

As cell division continues, a solid ball of embryonic cells, known as the ___, is formed

A

morula

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5
Q

___ begins when the morula develops a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel, which by the fourth day becomes a hollow sphere of cells called the blastula (blastocyst in mammals)

A

blastulation

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6
Q

The outer layer of cells of the ___, called the trophoblast, provides nutrients to the embryo and develops into part of the placenta

A

blastula

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7
Q

The two components of the fetal circulatory system are the ___ and the umbilical cord

A

placenta

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8
Q

The placenta and the umbilical cord are outgrowths of the four extra-embryonic ___ formed during development: the amnion, chorion, allantois, and yolk sac

A

membranes

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9
Q

The ___ is a thin, tough membrane containing a watery fluid called amniotic fluid

A

amnion

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10
Q

___ acts as a shock absorber of external pressure during gestation and localized pressure from uterine contractions during labor

A

amniotic fluid

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11
Q

___ formation begins with the chorion, a membrane that completely surrounds the amnion

A

placenta

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12
Q

The ___ assists with transfer of nutrients from the mother to the fetus

A

chorion

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13
Q

A third membrane, the ___, develops as an outpocketing of the gut

A

allantois

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14
Q

The blood vessels of the allantoic wall enlarge and become the ___ vessels, which will connect the fetus to the developing placenta

A

umbilical

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15
Q

The yolk sac, the site of early development of ___, becomes associated with umbilical vessels

A

blood vessels

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16
Q

After week two, the embryo is fully implanted in the ___ and cell migrations transform the single cell layer of the blastula into a three-layered structure called a gastrula

A

uterus

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17
Q

(primary germ layer) ___- “attracto”derm (things that attract us to others, such as cosmetic features and smarts)

A

ectoderm

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18
Q

(primary germ layer) ___- “means”oderm (the means of getting around as an organism, such as bones and muscle; the means of getting around in the body, such as circulatory system; the means of getting around, such as the gonads

A

mesoderm

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19
Q

(primary germ layer) ___ - linings of “endernal” organs (the digestive and respiratory tract, and accessory organs attached to these systems)

A

endoderm

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20
Q

___ (outer layer): the lens of the eye, the retina, and the nervous system

A

ectoderm

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21
Q

___ (middle layer): portions of digestive and respiratory organs

A

mesoderm

22
Q

___ (inner layer): parts of the liver, pancreas, thyroid, and bladder lining

A

endoderm

23
Q

By the end of ___, regions of the germ layers begin to develop into a rudimentary nervous system; this process is known as neurulation and starts before week three

A

gastrulation

24
Q

A rod of ___ cells called the notochord develops along the longitudinal axis of the embryo just under the dorsal layer of ectoderm

A

mesodermal

25
Q

The ___ has an inductive effect on the overlying ectoderm, causing it to bend inward and form a groove along the dorsal surface of the embryo

A

notochord

26
Q

The dorsal ___ folds on either side of the groove; these neural folds grow upward and finally fuse, forming a closed tube

A

ectoderm

27
Q

After a closed tube is formed with the dorsal ectoderm (neural tube), this gives rise to the ___ and spinal cord (central nervous system)

A

brain

28
Q

The cells at the tip of each neural fold are called ___

A

neural crest cells

29
Q

Neural crest cells migrate laterally and give rise to many components of the ___ nervous system

A

peripheral

30
Q

___: the body organs begin to form

A

organogenesis

31
Q

___: the organs increase in size, which is a continual process from infancy through adulthood

A

Growth

32
Q

___: eggs develop in women and sperm develop in men, which permits reproduction to occur

A

gametogenesis

33
Q

(first trimester) major ___ begin to develop

A

organs

34
Q

(first trimester) the cartilaginous ___ begins to turn into bone by the seventh week

A

skeleton

35
Q

(first trimester) At the end of the ___ month, the fetus is about 9 cm long

A

third

36
Q

(second trimester) The ___ begins to move around in the amniotic fluid, its face appears human, and its toes and fingers elongate

A

fetus

37
Q

(third trimester) The growth ___ slows and the fetus becomes less active as it has less room to move about

A

rate

38
Q

(labor) In the first stage of birth and maturation, the ___ thins and dilates, and the amniotic sac ruptures, releasing its fluids

A

cervix

39
Q

(labor) During the final stage, the uterus contracts, expelling the placenta and the ___

A

umbilical cord

40
Q

In ___ (flowering plants), double fertilization occurs - one sperm fertilizes the egg cell, and the other fuses to form the endosperm, which provides nutrients to he developing embryo in the seed

A

angiosperms

41
Q

Some plants can produce seeds without ___ or reproduce without the production of seeds by asexual reproduction, which gives rise to individuals genetically identical to the parent

A

fertilization

42
Q

In the alternation of generations life cycle, plants can fluctuate between asexual diploid and sexual haploid stages, known as the ___ and gametophyte generations, respectively

A

sporophyte

43
Q

The ___ sporophyte produces haploid spores via meiosis, which matures into haploid gametophyte

A

diploid

44
Q

The ___ gametophyte goes on to produce gametes via mitosis

A

haploid

45
Q

The ___ from mitosis then fuse to produce a zygote

A

gametes

46
Q 
The embryo (from the zygote dividing mitotically) has the following parts:
\_\_\_: precursor of the upper stem and leaves
A

epicotyl

47
Q

Plant embryo
Cotyledons: ___ leaves
Hypocotyl: the lower stem and root
Endosperm: feeds the embryo in angiosperms
Seed coat: develops from the outer covering of the ovule

A

seed

48
Q

___ is the process of a seed sprouting into a seedling (young plant)

A

germination

49
Q

The ___ is involved in plant development, it is found in the tips of roots and stems

A

apical meristem

50
Q

The ___ or cambium is located between the xylem and phloem

A

lateral meristem

DAT (46 decks)

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