Biology Taxonomy

Question 1

The science of classification and the nomenclature used are known as ___

Answer 1

taxonomy

Question 2

The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and ___

Answer 2

Eukarya

Question 3

Within the three domains are six ___: Archaea, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Answer 3

kingdoms

Question 4

Each kingdom is divided into several major phyla (in the animal kingdom) or ___ (in other kingdoms)

Answer 4

divisions

Question 5

A ___ or division is further divided into classes

Answer 5

phylum

Question 6

Each ___ has multiple orders

Answer 6

class

Question 7

Orders are subdivided into ___, and each family is made up of many genera (singular genus)

Answer 7

families

Question 8

The ___ is the final major subdivision

Answer 8

species

Question 9

Organisms of the same species can mate with one another to produce ___ offspring

Answer 9

fertile

Question 10

__ are prokaryotes

Answer 10

monerans

Question 11

Monerans lack a ___ or any membrane-bound organelles and are single-celled organisms that reproduce asexually

Answer 11

nucleus

Question 12

Monerans may exist as single ___ or as aggregates of cells that stick together after division

Answer 12

cells

Question 13

___ are generally single-celled prokaryotes with a single double-stranded circular loop of DNA that is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane

Answer 13

bacteria (Eubacteria)

Question 14

Almost all bacteria have ___ walls

Answer 14

cell

Question 15

Bacteria play active roles in ___, recycling various chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen phosphorus, and sulfur

Answer 15

biogeochemical cycles

Question 16

___ may be classified by their morphological appearances: cocci (round), bacilli (rods), and spirilla (spiral)

Answer 16

bacteria

Question 17

___ are types of bacteria that live primarily in fresh water but also exist in marine environments

Answer 17

cyanobacteria

Question 18

Cyanobacteria posses a cell wall and photosynthetic ___ but have no flagella, true nuclei, chloroplasts, or mitochondria

Answer 18

pigments

Question 19

Cyanobacteria can withstand extreme temperatures and are believed to be directly descended from the first organisms that developed ___ capabilities

Answer 19

photosynthetic

Question 20

Cyanobacteria are sometimes referred to as ___ algae, but be careful not to confuse them with other forms of algae, which are eukaryotic and members of the Protista kingdom instead

Answer 20

blue-green

Question 21

Archaea are prokaryotes, like bacteria, and often have ___ and flagella

Answer 21

cell walls

Question 22

However, ___ also exhibit several unique variations on the basic prokaryote plan, such as having cell membranes composed of glycerol-ether lipids, which is different from both Bacteria and Eukarya since they use glycerol-ester lipids instead

Answer 22

archaea

Question 23

The ___ kingdom contains primitive eukaryotic organisms with membrane-bound nuclei and organelles

Answer 23

protist

Question 24

Protista are either ___ or colonies of similar cells with no differentiation of specialized tissues

Answer 24

single cells

Question 25

Each protist cell possesses the capability to carry out all of the ___ processes

Answer 25

life

Question 26

The Protist kingdom contains all simple ___ that cannot be classified as plants or animals

Answer 26

eukaryotes

Question 27

The Protist kingdom is divided into many ___, which fall primarily into the categories of protozoa and algae

Answer 27

phyla

Question 28

(Protist) ___ are single-celled organisms that are heterotrophic and in some ways are similar to little animals

Answer 28

protozoa

Question 29

The ___, including amoebas, move with cellular extensions called pseudopods

Answer 29

rhizopods

Question 30

The ___ have cilia that are used for feeding and locomotion

Answer 30

ciliophors

Question 31

___ are primarily photosynthetic organisms

Answer 31

algae

Question 32

___ are now considered a part of the Protist kingdom

Answer 32

slime molds

Question 33

Slime molds are arranged in a ___ (many nuclei) mass of protoplasm

Answer 33

coenocytic

Question 34

Slime molds reproduce asexually by ___

Answer 34

sporulation

Question 35

Fungi ___ are composed of chitin and not cellulose, which is used by plants

Answer 35

cell walls

Question 36

All ___ are heterotrophs

Answer 36

fungi

Question 37

Fungi may be ___, decomposing dead organic material (e.g., bread mold), or parasitic, extracting nutrients from their hosts (e.g., the fungus that causes athelete's foot, Epidermophyton flucossum)

Answer 37

saprophytic

Question 38

Fungi reproduce by ___ or by intricate sexual processes

Answer 38

asexual sporulation

Question 39

The ___ includes multicellular organisms that exhibit differentiation of tissues and are nonmotile photosynthetic

Answer 39

plant kingdom

Question 40

Many plants also exhibit an alternation of generation sand ___ embryonic phase

Answer 40

distinct

Question 41

Cells are in direct contact with the external environment by means of air spaces called ___, making elaborate respiratory and excretory systems unnecessary

Answer 41

stomata

Question 42

The bryophyta, hepatophyta, and anthocerotophyta divisions (informally called ___ as a collective) are simple plants with few specialized organs and tissues

Answer 42

bryophytes

Question 43

Bryophytes lack the water-conducting woody material (xylem) that functions as support in ___ and retain flagellated sperm cells that must swim to the eggs, which means they must live in moist places

Answer 43

tracheophytes

Question 44

The ___ is the dominant generation; it is the "main" plant and is larger and nutritionally independent

Answer 44

gametophyte

Question 45

The ___ is smaller and shorter-lived, growing off the gametophyte from the archegonium

Answer 45

sporophyte

Question 46

Mosses are classic bryophytes in which the sporophyte and ___ generations grow together

Answer 46

gametophyte

Question 47

Vascular plants (___) are complex plants with a great degree of cell differentiation

Answer 47

tracheophytes

Question 48

Tracheophytes contain ___ tissues: xylem (water-conducting) and phloem (food-conducting)

Answer 48

vascular

Question 49

In contrast to ___, in vascular plants, the sporophyte generation is dominant

Answer 49

bryophytes

Question 50

The ___ is short-lived (in tracheophytes) and either independent (in primitive tracheophytes such as ferns) or small and parasitic (in more advanced tracheophytes such as seed plants)

Answer 50

gametophyte

Question 51

There two extant divisions of non-seed bearing ___ plants: Pteriodphyta and Lycophyta

Answer 51

vascular

Question 52

___, of the division Pteridophyta, include the familiar fern

Answer 52

Pterophytes

Question 53

___ grow lengthwise, not in diameter, and contain xylem with elongated tracheid cells that transport water and salts

Answer 53

ferns

Question 54

Ferns do not produce seeds, and their short-lived gametophyte generation possesses heart-shaped leaves; the fern's normal leaves are part of the ___ generation

Answer 54

sporophyte

Question 55

___ on the underside of fern leaves produces monoploid spores, which germinate to form gametophytes

Answer 55

sporangium

Question 56

___ have roots, are nonwoody, and contain microphyll leaves (e.g., club mosses)

Answer 56

lycophytes

Question 57

___ are the most abundant of all plants

Answer 57

angiosperms

Question 58

The ___ of the male stamen (angiosperms) produces microspores (pollen grains), while the ovary of the female pistil produces megaspores

Answer 58

anther

Question 59

Successful ___ results in the germination of pollen tubes, which aid in fertilization of female eggs in the gametophyte

Answer 59

pollination

Question 60

In ___, the ovary develops into a seed in the ovary

Answer 60

angiosperms

Question 61

In angiosperms, the ___ eventually ripens into fruit, which is how seeds are dispersed

Answer 61

ovary

Question 62

Dicotyledons (dicots) are angiosperms with net-veined leaves and ___ around a ring within the central cylinder

Answer 62

vascular bundles

Question 63

Monocotyledons (monocots) are ___ that contain leaves with parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles, and seeds with single cotyledon

Answer 63

angiosperms

Question 64

___ are naked-seeded plants

Answer 64

gymnosperms

Question 65

Sperm ___ fertilize the egg with the aid of a pollen tube, and the embryo develops within the exposed seed

Answer 65

nuclei

Question 66

In gymnosperms, the presence of a specialized ___ tissue allows for secondary growth of secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

Answer 66

cambium

Question 67

___ of the division Pinophyta make up the largest grouping of gymnosperms

Answer 67

conifers

Question 68

The ___ contains multicellular, generally motile, heterotrophic organisms that have differentiated tissues (and organs in higher forms).

Answer 68

animal kingdom

Question 69

Most animals also have right and left sides that are mirror images of one another, which is known as ___ symmetry

Answer 69

bilateral

Question 70

Some animals such as the echinoderms and cnidarians, have ___ symmetry

Answer 70

radial

Question 71

The Platyhelminthes phylum is characterized by ___ with ribbon-like, bilaterally symmetrical bodies that possess three layers of cells, including a solid mesoderm

Answer 71

flatworms

Question 72

Arthropoda species have jointed __, chitinous exoskeletons, and open circulatory systems (sinuses)

Answer 72

appendages

Question 73

Examples include ___, crayfish, and shrimp (arthropoda)

Answer 73

lobsters

Question 74

Vertebrata is an important ___ of Chordata

Answer 74

subphylum

Question 75

(vertebrata) ___ include amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish, and mammals

Answer 75

vertebrates

Question 76

___ fish possess jaws and teeth and are in the Chondrichthyes class (shark)

Answer 76

cartilaginous

Question 77

___ utilize external fertilization; eggs are laid in water with a jellylike secretion and subsequently fertilized

Answer 77

amphibians

Question 78

The ___ class includes animals that are warm-blooded and feed their offspring with milk produced in mammary glands

Answer 78

mammalia

Question 79

Although ___ are highly advanced parasites, they may be considered nonliving

Answer 79

viruses

Question 80

Viruses that exclusively infect ___ are called bacteriophages

Answer 80

bacteria