Biology Taxonomy Flashcards
The science of classification and the nomenclature used are known as ___
taxonomy
The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and ___
Eukarya
Within the three domains are six ___: Archaea, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
kingdoms
Each kingdom is divided into several major phyla (in the animal kingdom) or ___ (in other kingdoms)
divisions
A ___ or division is further divided into classes
phylum
Each ___ has multiple orders
class
Orders are subdivided into ___, and each family is made up of many genera (singular genus)
families
The ___ is the final major subdivision
species
Organisms of the same species can mate with one another to produce ___ offspring
fertile
__ are prokaryotes
monerans
Monerans lack a ___ or any membrane-bound organelles and are single-celled organisms that reproduce asexually
nucleus
Monerans may exist as single ___ or as aggregates of cells that stick together after division
cells
___ are generally single-celled prokaryotes with a single double-stranded circular loop of DNA that is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane
bacteria (Eubacteria)
Almost all bacteria have ___ walls
cell
Bacteria play active roles in ___, recycling various chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen phosphorus, and sulfur
biogeochemical cycles
___ may be classified by their morphological appearances: cocci (round), bacilli (rods), and spirilla (spiral)
bacteria
___ are types of bacteria that live primarily in fresh water but also exist in marine environments
cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria posses a cell wall and photosynthetic ___ but have no flagella, true nuclei, chloroplasts, or mitochondria
pigments
Cyanobacteria can withstand extreme temperatures and are believed to be directly descended from the first organisms that developed ___ capabilities
photosynthetic
Cyanobacteria are sometimes referred to as ___ algae, but be careful not to confuse them with other forms of algae, which are eukaryotic and members of the Protista kingdom instead
blue-green
Archaea are prokaryotes, like bacteria, and often have ___ and flagella
cell walls
However, ___ also exhibit several unique variations on the basic prokaryote plan, such as having cell membranes composed of glycerol-ether lipids, which is different from both Bacteria and Eukarya since they use glycerol-ester lipids instead
archaea
The ___ kingdom contains primitive eukaryotic organisms with membrane-bound nuclei and organelles
protist
Protista are either ___ or colonies of similar cells with no differentiation of specialized tissues
single cells
Each protist cell possesses the capability to carry out all of the ___ processes
life
The Protist kingdom contains all simple ___ that cannot be classified as plants or animals
eukaryotes
The Protist kingdom is divided into many ___, which fall primarily into the categories of protozoa and algae
phyla
(Protist) ___ are single-celled organisms that are heterotrophic and in some ways are similar to little animals
protozoa
The ___, including amoebas, move with cellular extensions called pseudopods
rhizopods
The ___ have cilia that are used for feeding and locomotion
ciliophors
___ are primarily photosynthetic organisms
algae
___ are now considered a part of the Protist kingdom
slime molds
Slime molds are arranged in a ___ (many nuclei) mass of protoplasm
coenocytic
Slime molds reproduce asexually by ___
sporulation
Fungi ___ are composed of chitin and not cellulose, which is used by plants
cell walls
All ___ are heterotrophs
fungi
Fungi may be ___, decomposing dead organic material (e.g., bread mold), or parasitic, extracting nutrients from their hosts (e.g., the fungus that causes athelete’s foot, Epidermophyton flucossum)
saprophytic
Fungi reproduce by ___ or by intricate sexual processes
asexual sporulation
The ___ includes multicellular organisms that exhibit differentiation of tissues and are nonmotile photosynthetic
plant kingdom
Many plants also exhibit an alternation of generation sand ___ embryonic phase
distinct
Cells are in direct contact with the external environment by means of air spaces called ___, making elaborate respiratory and excretory systems unnecessary
stomata
The bryophyta, hepatophyta, and anthocerotophyta divisions (informally called ___ as a collective) are simple plants with few specialized organs and tissues
bryophytes
Bryophytes lack the water-conducting woody material (xylem) that functions as support in ___ and retain flagellated sperm cells that must swim to the eggs, which means they must live in moist places
tracheophytes
The ___ is the dominant generation; it is the “main” plant and is larger and nutritionally independent
gametophyte
The ___ is smaller and shorter-lived, growing off the gametophyte from the archegonium
sporophyte
Mosses are classic bryophytes in which the sporophyte and ___ generations grow together
gametophyte
Vascular plants (___) are complex plants with a great degree of cell differentiation
tracheophytes
Tracheophytes contain ___ tissues: xylem (water-conducting) and phloem (food-conducting)
vascular
In contrast to ___, in vascular plants, the sporophyte generation is dominant
bryophytes
The ___ is short-lived (in tracheophytes) and either independent (in primitive tracheophytes such as ferns) or small and parasitic (in more advanced tracheophytes such as seed plants)
gametophyte
There two extant divisions of non-seed bearing ___ plants: Pteriodphyta and Lycophyta
vascular
___, of the division Pteridophyta, include the familiar fern
Pterophytes
___ grow lengthwise, not in diameter, and contain xylem with elongated tracheid cells that transport water and salts
ferns
Ferns do not produce seeds, and their short-lived gametophyte generation possesses heart-shaped leaves; the fern’s normal leaves are part of the ___ generation
sporophyte
___ on the underside of fern leaves produces monoploid spores, which germinate to form gametophytes
sporangium
___ have roots, are nonwoody, and contain microphyll leaves (e.g., club mosses)
lycophytes
___ are the most abundant of all plants
angiosperms
The ___ of the male stamen (angiosperms) produces microspores (pollen grains), while the ovary of the female pistil produces megaspores
anther
Successful ___ results in the germination of pollen tubes, which aid in fertilization of female eggs in the gametophyte
pollination
In ___, the ovary develops into a seed in the ovary
angiosperms
In angiosperms, the ___ eventually ripens into fruit, which is how seeds are dispersed
ovary
Dicotyledons (dicots) are angiosperms with net-veined leaves and ___ around a ring within the central cylinder
vascular bundles
Monocotyledons (monocots) are ___ that contain leaves with parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles, and seeds with single cotyledon
angiosperms
___ are naked-seeded plants
gymnosperms
Sperm ___ fertilize the egg with the aid of a pollen tube, and the embryo develops within the exposed seed
nuclei
In gymnosperms, the presence of a specialized ___ tissue allows for secondary growth of secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem
cambium
___ of the division Pinophyta make up the largest grouping of gymnosperms
conifers
The ___ contains multicellular, generally motile, heterotrophic organisms that have differentiated tissues (and organs in higher forms).
animal kingdom
Most animals also have right and left sides that are mirror images of one another, which is known as ___ symmetry
bilateral
Some animals such as the echinoderms and cnidarians, have ___ symmetry
radial
The Platyhelminthes phylum is characterized by ___ with ribbon-like, bilaterally symmetrical bodies that possess three layers of cells, including a solid mesoderm
flatworms
Arthropoda species have jointed __, chitinous exoskeletons, and open circulatory systems (sinuses)
appendages
Examples include ___, crayfish, and shrimp (arthropoda)
lobsters
Vertebrata is an important ___ of Chordata
subphylum
(vertebrata) ___ include amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish, and mammals
vertebrates
___ fish possess jaws and teeth and are in the Chondrichthyes class (shark)
cartilaginous
___ utilize external fertilization; eggs are laid in water with a jellylike secretion and subsequently fertilized
amphibians
The ___ class includes animals that are warm-blooded and feed their offspring with milk produced in mammary glands
mammalia
Although ___ are highly advanced parasites, they may be considered nonliving
viruses
Viruses that exclusively infect ___ are called bacteriophages
bacteria
