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DAT > Biology Taxonomy > Flashcards

Biology Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

The science of classification and the nomenclature used are known as ___

A

taxonomy

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2
Q

The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and ___

A

Eukarya

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3
Q

Within the three domains are six ___: Archaea, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

A

kingdoms

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4
Q

Each kingdom is divided into several major phyla (in the animal kingdom) or ___ (in other kingdoms)

A

divisions

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5
Q

A ___ or division is further divided into classes

A

phylum

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6
Q

Each ___ has multiple orders

A

class

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7
Q

Orders are subdivided into ___, and each family is made up of many genera (singular genus)

A

families

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8
Q

The ___ is the final major subdivision

A

species

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9
Q

Organisms of the same species can mate with one another to produce ___ offspring

A

fertile

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10
Q

__ are prokaryotes

A

monerans

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11
Q

Monerans lack a ___ or any membrane-bound organelles and are single-celled organisms that reproduce asexually

A

nucleus

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12
Q

Monerans may exist as single ___ or as aggregates of cells that stick together after division

A

cells

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13
Q

___ are generally single-celled prokaryotes with a single double-stranded circular loop of DNA that is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane

A

bacteria (Eubacteria)

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14
Q

Almost all bacteria have ___ walls

A

cell

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15
Q

Bacteria play active roles in ___, recycling various chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen phosphorus, and sulfur

A

biogeochemical cycles

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16
Q

___ may be classified by their morphological appearances: cocci (round), bacilli (rods), and spirilla (spiral)

A

bacteria

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17
Q

___ are types of bacteria that live primarily in fresh water but also exist in marine environments

A

cyanobacteria

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18
Q

Cyanobacteria posses a cell wall and photosynthetic ___ but have no flagella, true nuclei, chloroplasts, or mitochondria

A

pigments

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19
Q

Cyanobacteria can withstand extreme temperatures and are believed to be directly descended from the first organisms that developed ___ capabilities

A

photosynthetic

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20
Q

Cyanobacteria are sometimes referred to as ___ algae, but be careful not to confuse them with other forms of algae, which are eukaryotic and members of the Protista kingdom instead

A

blue-green

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21
Q

Archaea are prokaryotes, like bacteria, and often have ___ and flagella

A

cell walls

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22
Q

However, ___ also exhibit several unique variations on the basic prokaryote plan, such as having cell membranes composed of glycerol-ether lipids, which is different from both Bacteria and Eukarya since they use glycerol-ester lipids instead

A

archaea

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23
Q

The ___ kingdom contains primitive eukaryotic organisms with membrane-bound nuclei and organelles

A

protist

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24
Q

Protista are either ___ or colonies of similar cells with no differentiation of specialized tissues

A

single cells

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25
Q

Each protist cell possesses the capability to carry out all of the ___ processes

A

life

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26
Q

The Protist kingdom contains all simple ___ that cannot be classified as plants or animals

A

eukaryotes

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27
Q

The Protist kingdom is divided into many ___, which fall primarily into the categories of protozoa and algae

A

phyla

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28
Q

(Protist) ___ are single-celled organisms that are heterotrophic and in some ways are similar to little animals

A

protozoa

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29
Q

The ___, including amoebas, move with cellular extensions called pseudopods

A

rhizopods

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30
Q

The ___ have cilia that are used for feeding and locomotion

A

ciliophors

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31
Q

___ are primarily photosynthetic organisms

A

algae

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32
Q

___ are now considered a part of the Protist kingdom

A

slime molds

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33
Q

Slime molds are arranged in a ___ (many nuclei) mass of protoplasm

A

coenocytic

34
Q

Slime molds reproduce asexually by ___

A

sporulation

35
Q

Fungi ___ are composed of chitin and not cellulose, which is used by plants

A

cell walls

36
Q

All ___ are heterotrophs

A

fungi

37
Q

Fungi may be ___, decomposing dead organic material (e.g., bread mold), or parasitic, extracting nutrients from their hosts (e.g., the fungus that causes athelete’s foot, Epidermophyton flucossum)

A

saprophytic

38
Q

Fungi reproduce by ___ or by intricate sexual processes

A

asexual sporulation

39
Q

The ___ includes multicellular organisms that exhibit differentiation of tissues and are nonmotile photosynthetic

A

plant kingdom

40
Q

Many plants also exhibit an alternation of generation sand ___ embryonic phase

A

distinct

41
Q

Cells are in direct contact with the external environment by means of air spaces called ___, making elaborate respiratory and excretory systems unnecessary

A

stomata

42
Q

The bryophyta, hepatophyta, and anthocerotophyta divisions (informally called ___ as a collective) are simple plants with few specialized organs and tissues

A

bryophytes

43
Q

Bryophytes lack the water-conducting woody material (xylem) that functions as support in ___ and retain flagellated sperm cells that must swim to the eggs, which means they must live in moist places

A

tracheophytes

44
Q

The ___ is the dominant generation; it is the “main” plant and is larger and nutritionally independent

A

gametophyte

45
Q

The ___ is smaller and shorter-lived, growing off the gametophyte from the archegonium

A

sporophyte

46
Q

Mosses are classic bryophytes in which the sporophyte and ___ generations grow together

A

gametophyte

47
Q

Vascular plants (___) are complex plants with a great degree of cell differentiation

A

tracheophytes

48
Q

Tracheophytes contain ___ tissues: xylem (water-conducting) and phloem (food-conducting)

A

vascular

49
Q

In contrast to ___, in vascular plants, the sporophyte generation is dominant

A

bryophytes

50
Q

The ___ is short-lived (in tracheophytes) and either independent (in primitive tracheophytes such as ferns) or small and parasitic (in more advanced tracheophytes such as seed plants)

A

gametophyte

51
Q

There two extant divisions of non-seed bearing ___ plants: Pteriodphyta and Lycophyta

A

vascular

52
Q

___, of the division Pteridophyta, include the familiar fern

A

Pterophytes

53
Q

___ grow lengthwise, not in diameter, and contain xylem with elongated tracheid cells that transport water and salts

A

ferns

54
Q

Ferns do not produce seeds, and their short-lived gametophyte generation possesses heart-shaped leaves; the fern’s normal leaves are part of the ___ generation

A

sporophyte

55
Q

___ on the underside of fern leaves produces monoploid spores, which germinate to form gametophytes

A

sporangium

56
Q

___ have roots, are nonwoody, and contain microphyll leaves (e.g., club mosses)

A

lycophytes

57
Q

___ are the most abundant of all plants

A

angiosperms

58
Q

The ___ of the male stamen (angiosperms) produces microspores (pollen grains), while the ovary of the female pistil produces megaspores

A

anther

59
Q

Successful ___ results in the germination of pollen tubes, which aid in fertilization of female eggs in the gametophyte

A

pollination

60
Q

In ___, the ovary develops into a seed in the ovary

A

angiosperms

61
Q

In angiosperms, the ___ eventually ripens into fruit, which is how seeds are dispersed

A

ovary

62
Q

Dicotyledons (dicots) are angiosperms with net-veined leaves and ___ around a ring within the central cylinder

A

vascular bundles

63
Q

Monocotyledons (monocots) are ___ that contain leaves with parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles, and seeds with single cotyledon

A

angiosperms

64
Q

___ are naked-seeded plants

A

gymnosperms

65
Q

Sperm ___ fertilize the egg with the aid of a pollen tube, and the embryo develops within the exposed seed

A

nuclei

66
Q

In gymnosperms, the presence of a specialized ___ tissue allows for secondary growth of secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

A

cambium

67
Q

___ of the division Pinophyta make up the largest grouping of gymnosperms

A

conifers

68
Q

The ___ contains multicellular, generally motile, heterotrophic organisms that have differentiated tissues (and organs in higher forms).

A

animal kingdom

69
Q

Most animals also have right and left sides that are mirror images of one another, which is known as ___ symmetry

A

bilateral

70
Q

Some animals such as the echinoderms and cnidarians, have ___ symmetry

A

radial

71
Q

The Platyhelminthes phylum is characterized by ___ with ribbon-like, bilaterally symmetrical bodies that possess three layers of cells, including a solid mesoderm

A

flatworms

72
Q

Arthropoda species have jointed __, chitinous exoskeletons, and open circulatory systems (sinuses)

A

appendages

73
Q

Examples include ___, crayfish, and shrimp (arthropoda)

A

lobsters

74
Q

Vertebrata is an important ___ of Chordata

A

subphylum

75
Q

(vertebrata) ___ include amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish, and mammals

A

vertebrates

76
Q

___ fish possess jaws and teeth and are in the Chondrichthyes class (shark)

A

cartilaginous

77
Q

___ utilize external fertilization; eggs are laid in water with a jellylike secretion and subsequently fertilized

A

amphibians

78
Q

The ___ class includes animals that are warm-blooded and feed their offspring with milk produced in mammary glands

A

mammalia

79
Q

Although ___ are highly advanced parasites, they may be considered nonliving

A

viruses

80
Q

Viruses that exclusively infect ___ are called bacteriophages

A

bacteria

DAT (46 decks)

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