Biology Integumentary and Immune Systems Flashcards
The ___ serves as the initial barrier to infection and prevents a large proportion of environmental microorganisms from entering the body
integument
The ___ provides a physical barrier to prevent the entrance of pathogens into the body
integument
Many ___ live on the surface of skin and make up the normal skin flora, also known as the skin microbiome
microorganisms
The skin is divided into two layers, the dermis and the ___, which are connected together by the basement membrane
epidermis
The dermis contains the blood supply to the skin and most of the specialized cells, whereas the epidermis contains mainly ___, which differentiate into corneocytes: protective, waterproof cells that do not undergo further replication and are routinely sloughed off and replaced
keratinocytes
Hair serves to direct sweat and waste away from the skin, helping with evaporative cooling when the ___ is hot
body
Mucous secretions in the nose and ___ secretions in the eyes help prevent foreign organisms from entering the body and resist infection
aqueous
The immune system has two major types of ___: innate and adaptive
immunity
Innate immunity is comprised of the body’s ___, generalized defenses against pathogens
initial
During inflammation, injured cells release ___, such as histamine, that dilate and increase the permeability of blood vessels
chemicals
Granulocytes are attracted to the site of injury, where thy ___ antigens and antigenic material
phagocytize
___, the most common type of granulocyte, are often the first responders to sites of inflammation
neutrophils
Neutrophil counts are often elevated during the acute stages of ___ and are the main component of pus
inflammation
Eosinophils are much less common and are responsible for ___ responses
immune
basophils and related ___ cells are similarly involved in allergic responses and parasite infections, and often are responsible for the release of histamine, which stimulates blood vessel dilation as previously described
mast
Monocytes are large, long-lived immune cells that can differentiate into macrophages and ___ cells
dendritic
Antigen-presenting cells present ___ for recognition to mediate a cellular immune response
antigens
The main role of ___ is to phagocytize dead cells and pathogens
macrophages
Dendritic cells are found in areas of the body where contact with the external environment is more ___
common
There are two types of ___ immunity: cell-mediated, which is mediated by T lymphocytes, and humoral, which involves antibody production by B lymphocytes
adaptive
___, or T cells, are an important component in cell-mediated immunity
T lymphocytes
Travel from the bone marrow to the thymus via the ___
bloodstream
Because T lymphocytes ___ in the thymus, they are referred to as T-cells
mature
Once maturation is complete, T cells are released into the lymph to ___ their immune function
perform
Through random rearrangement of gene sequences, each T cell becomes reactive to only one specific ___
antigen
If infection with an organism that displays a T cell specific antigen occurs the antigen from the pathogen will be presented by a major histocompatibility protein complex (MHC) on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell, indicating that the corresponding ___ should perform its function
T cell
The vast majority of T cells created are deactivated and undergo ___ because they either will not react with the MHC or because they react too well and would attack self cells
apoptosis
The two major types of ___ proteins are MHC I and MHC II
histocompatibility
Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells (also known as CD8+ T cells because they contain the CD8 protein) recognize and respond to antigens presented by ___ complexes
MHC I
T helper (Th) cells (also known as CD4= T cells) recognize and respond to antigens presented by ___ complexes
MHC II
Activated Th cells release cytokines to stimulate the ___ response, causing other white blood cells to mature nd attack
immune
Once a reaction has occurred, memory T cells reactive to the same antigens are formed and remain in circulation for long periods of time,, allowing a quicker, more ___ response if the antigen reappears
targeted
___ or suppressor T (Treg) cells have the opposite function when compared to memory T cells serving to tone down T cell response to self cells or following an infection
regulatory
Basophil - least common of all the granulocytes (1%); fight ___; mediate allergic response
parasites
Eosinophil - much less common than neutrophils (5%); fight parasites; mediate ___ response
allergic
Neutrophils - most common of the granulocytes (94%); ___
phagocytic
Macrophage: phagocytic; secrete cytokines; present ___
antigens
dendritic cells: present antigens; activate ___ system
immune
B cells: produce antigen-specific ___
antibodies
T cells: Helper T (CD4+) cells activate other immune cells; cytotoxic T (CD8+) cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells destroy cells marked for destruction; memory ___ remain after an infection so a response can be mounted more quickly if infected again
T cells
B lymphocytes, or B cells like T cells, begin their ___ in the bone marrow
development
B lymphocytes complete their maturation in the ___ marrow
bone
B cells when stimulated create and express ___ (also known as immunoglobulins) that have a high affinity for antigens
antibodies
Immunoglobulins have a very particular structure and utilize the specificity of this structure to aid in the targeted destruction of ___
pathogens
The antigen-binding region of the antibody is unique to each antigen and is the reason that specificity for a particular ___ exists
antigen
Like T cells, B cells can also stimulate the ___ of memory cells
formation
Humoral immunity includes both active and ___ immunity
passive
___ immunity occurs as a result of an immune response
active
Active immunity can also occur as the result of vaccination, where an individual is deliberately exposed to a ___, inactivated, or killed form of the antigen
weakened
passive immunity can occur during pregnancy, for example, when maternal antibodies cross the ___ and enter fetal circulation
placenta
Immunosuppressing drugs are used to lower the immune response to transplants and decrease the likelihood of ___
rejection
The recipient of a transplant that invokes an immune response is referred to as ___ because his immune system is not functioning at its full capacity
immunocompromised
The ___ system is another part of the immune system and is found in the extravascular space of most tissues
lymphatic
Lymph flows through the lymphatic ___ from lymph node to lymph node
vessels
The lymph node and spleen serve as reservoirs of white blood cells nd filters for lymph, removing antigen-presenting cells and foreign matter and activating the immune system when ___
necessary
