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dat > Biology Integumentary and Immune Systems > Flashcards

Biology Integumentary and Immune Systems Flashcards

1
Q

The ___ serves as the initial barrier to infection and prevents a large proportion of environmental microorganisms from entering the body

A

integument

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2
Q

The ___ provides a physical barrier to prevent the entrance of pathogens into the body

A

integument

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3
Q

Many ___ live on the surface of skin and make up the normal skin flora, also known as the skin microbiome

A

microorganisms

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4
Q

The skin is divided into two layers, the dermis and the ___, which are connected together by the basement membrane

A

epidermis

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5
Q

The dermis contains the blood supply to the skin and most of the specialized cells, whereas the epidermis contains mainly ___, which differentiate into corneocytes: protective, waterproof cells that do not undergo further replication and are routinely sloughed off and replaced

A

keratinocytes

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6
Q

Hair serves to direct sweat and waste away from the skin, helping with evaporative cooling when the ___ is hot

A

body

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7
Q

Mucous secretions in the nose and ___ secretions in the eyes help prevent foreign organisms from entering the body and resist infection

A

aqueous

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8
Q

The immune system has two major types of ___: innate and adaptive

A

immunity

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9
Q

Innate immunity is comprised of the body’s ___, generalized defenses against pathogens

A

initial

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10
Q

During inflammation, injured cells release ___, such as histamine, that dilate and increase the permeability of blood vessels

A

chemicals

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11
Q

Granulocytes are attracted to the site of injury, where thy ___ antigens and antigenic material

A

phagocytize

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12
Q

___, the most common type of granulocyte, are often the first responders to sites of inflammation

A

neutrophils

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13
Q

Neutrophil counts are often elevated during the acute stages of ___ and are the main component of pus

A

inflammation

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14
Q

Eosinophils are much less common and are responsible for ___ responses

A

immune

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15
Q

basophils and related ___ cells are similarly involved in allergic responses and parasite infections, and often are responsible for the release of histamine, which stimulates blood vessel dilation as previously described

A

mast

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16
Q

Monocytes are large, long-lived immune cells that can differentiate into macrophages and ___ cells

A

dendritic

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17
Q

Antigen-presenting cells present ___ for recognition to mediate a cellular immune response

A

antigens

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18
Q

The main role of ___ is to phagocytize dead cells and pathogens

A

macrophages

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19
Q

Dendritic cells are found in areas of the body where contact with the external environment is more ___

A

common

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20
Q

There are two types of ___ immunity: cell-mediated, which is mediated by T lymphocytes, and humoral, which involves antibody production by B lymphocytes

A

adaptive

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21
Q

___, or T cells, are an important component in cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

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22
Q

Travel from the bone marrow to the thymus via the ___

A

bloodstream

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23
Q

Because T lymphocytes ___ in the thymus, they are referred to as T-cells

A

mature

24
Q

Once maturation is complete, T cells are released into the lymph to ___ their immune function

A

perform

25
Q

Through random rearrangement of gene sequences, each T cell becomes reactive to only one specific ___

A

antigen

26
Q

If infection with an organism that displays a T cell specific antigen occurs the antigen from the pathogen will be presented by a major histocompatibility protein complex (MHC) on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell, indicating that the corresponding ___ should perform its function

A

T cell

27
Q

The vast majority of T cells created are deactivated and undergo ___ because they either will not react with the MHC or because they react too well and would attack self cells

A

apoptosis

28
Q

The two major types of ___ proteins are MHC I and MHC II

A

histocompatibility

29
Q

Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells (also known as CD8+ T cells because they contain the CD8 protein) recognize and respond to antigens presented by ___ complexes

A

MHC I

30
Q

T helper (Th) cells (also known as CD4= T cells) recognize and respond to antigens presented by ___ complexes

A

MHC II

31
Q

Activated Th cells release cytokines to stimulate the ___ response, causing other white blood cells to mature nd attack

A

immune

32
Q

Once a reaction has occurred, memory T cells reactive to the same antigens are formed and remain in circulation for long periods of time,, allowing a quicker, more ___ response if the antigen reappears

A

targeted

33
Q

___ or suppressor T (Treg) cells have the opposite function when compared to memory T cells serving to tone down T cell response to self cells or following an infection

A

regulatory

34
Q

Basophil - least common of all the granulocytes (1%); fight ___; mediate allergic response

A

parasites

35
Q

Eosinophil - much less common than neutrophils (5%); fight parasites; mediate ___ response

A

allergic

36
Q

Neutrophils - most common of the granulocytes (94%); ___

A

phagocytic

37
Q

Macrophage: phagocytic; secrete cytokines; present ___

A

antigens

38
Q

dendritic cells: present antigens; activate ___ system

A

immune

39
Q

B cells: produce antigen-specific ___

A

antibodies

40
Q

T cells: Helper T (CD4+) cells activate other immune cells; cytotoxic T (CD8+) cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells destroy cells marked for destruction; memory ___ remain after an infection so a response can be mounted more quickly if infected again

A

T cells

41
Q

B lymphocytes, or B cells like T cells, begin their ___ in the bone marrow

A

development

42
Q

B lymphocytes complete their maturation in the ___ marrow

A

bone

43
Q

B cells when stimulated create and express ___ (also known as immunoglobulins) that have a high affinity for antigens

A

antibodies

44
Q

Immunoglobulins have a very particular structure and utilize the specificity of this structure to aid in the targeted destruction of ___

A

pathogens

45
Q

The antigen-binding region of the antibody is unique to each antigen and is the reason that specificity for a particular ___ exists

A

antigen

46
Q

Like T cells, B cells can also stimulate the ___ of memory cells

A

formation

47
Q

Humoral immunity includes both active and ___ immunity

A

passive

48
Q

___ immunity occurs as a result of an immune response

A

active

49
Q

Active immunity can also occur as the result of vaccination, where an individual is deliberately exposed to a ___, inactivated, or killed form of the antigen

A

weakened

50
Q

passive immunity can occur during pregnancy, for example, when maternal antibodies cross the ___ and enter fetal circulation

A

placenta

51
Q

Immunosuppressing drugs are used to lower the immune response to transplants and decrease the likelihood of ___

A

rejection

52
Q

The recipient of a transplant that invokes an immune response is referred to as ___ because his immune system is not functioning at its full capacity

A

immunocompromised

53
Q

The ___ system is another part of the immune system and is found in the extravascular space of most tissues

A

lymphatic

54
Q

Lymph flows through the lymphatic ___ from lymph node to lymph node

A

vessels

55
Q

The lymph node and spleen serve as reservoirs of white blood cells nd filters for lymph, removing antigen-presenting cells and foreign matter and activating the immune system when ___

A

necessary

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