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DAT > Biology Cellular > Flashcards

Biology Cellular Flashcards

1
Q

The cell is the fundamental unit of all living ___

A

things

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2
Q

Every function in biology involves a process that occurs within ___ or at the interface between cells

A

cells

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3
Q

All living things are ___ of cells

A

composed

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4
Q

The cell is the basic ___ unit of life

A

functional

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5
Q

The chemical reactions of life take place inside the ___

A

cell

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6
Q

___ arise only from pre-existing cells

A

cells

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7
Q

Cells carry genetic information in the form of ___. This genetic material is passed from parent cell to daughter ___

A

DNA, cell

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8
Q

There are millions of species of “living things” that can be divided into ___ kingdoms

A

six

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9
Q

Bacteria, Archaea, ___, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

A

Protista

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10
Q

Within these six kingdoms are two major types of cells: ___ and eukaryotic

A

prokaryotic

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11
Q

The word prokaryote means “before nucleus,” which alludes to the structure of these organisms as a whole: they do not contain ___ or membrane-bound organelles

A

nuclei

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12
Q

While eukaryotes possess all the cellular structures mentioned in this chapter, ___ only possess a cell membrane, cytoplasm

A

prokaryotes

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13
Q

According to the generally accepted fluid mosaic model, the cell membrane consists of a ___ bilayer with proteins embedded throughout

A

phospholipid

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14
Q

The ___ and many of the proteins can move freely within the membrane

A

lipids

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15
Q

Phospholipid molecules are arranged such that the long, nonpolar, hydrophobic, “fatty” chains of carbon and hydrogen face each other, with the phosphorus-containing, polar, hydrophilic heads facing ___

A

outward

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16
Q

As a result of its lipid bilayer structure, a plasma membrane is readily permeable to other small, nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules such as oxygen, and small ___ molecules, such as water

A

polar

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17
Q

Enclosed by the nuclear membrane, the ___ contains DNA wound around structural proteins called histones

A

nucleus

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18
Q

During DNA replication, DNA tightly winds around the ___, compacting (loose DNA) into chromosomes

A

histones

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19
Q

During transcription, however, DNA unwinds itself from the ___ allowing for transcription to occur

A

histones

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20
Q

In addition, the nucleus contains a dense structure called the ___ where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis occurs

A

nucleolus

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21
Q

Prokaryotes do not have ___ and therefore do not possess histones to organize their DNA into linear chromosomes

A

nuclei

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22
Q

Instead, prokaryotic ___ is organized into small circular chromosomes located in a region of the cell termed the nucleoid

A

DNA

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23
Q

Ribosomes facilitate protein production and are made of __ rRNA sequences, called ribosomal subunits

A

two

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24
Q

Although rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus of eukaryotes, they function either in the ___ as unbound ribosomes or on the outer membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum as bound ribosomes

A

cytoplasm

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25
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membrane-enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials throughout the ___, particularly those materials destined to be secreted by the cell

A

cell

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26
Q

Rough ER contains ___ (which gives it a “rough” appearance under microscopy) and plays an important role in the production of proteins

A

ribosomes

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27
Q

Smooth ER does not contain ribosomes and so is not involved with protein ___ but is instead involved with metabolism and the production of libpids

A

synthesis

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28
Q

The Golgi apparatus is the primary site for cellular ___

A

trafficking

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29
Q

The Golgi apparatus receives vesicles and their contents from the smooth ER and then modifies them (i.e. glycosylation), repackages them into ___, and distributes them to the cell surface for exocytosis

A

vesicles

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30
Q

Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration within the ___; they are responsible for the conversion of sugars, fats, and other sources of fuel into usable energy, specifically adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

cell

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31
Q

The outer membrane forms a barrier with the cytosol; the inner membrane is folded into ___ and contains enzymes for the electron transport chain

A

cristae

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32
Q

___ also contain their own genome

A

Mitochondria

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33
Q

Located within the matrix, this DNA (genome) is independent of the cell genome and resembles circular bacterial ___

A

chromosomes

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34
Q

The presence of an independent ___ allows mitochondria to divide independently of the nucleus via binary fission

A

genome

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35
Q

Most of the cell’s metabolic activity occurs in the cytoplasm which includes the ___ (the cellular fluid contained within the cell membrane and all the organelles of the cell

A

cytosol

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36
Q

Transport within the cytoplasm occurs by ___ (streaming movement within the cell

A

cyclosis

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37
Q

Vacuoles are larger than vesicles and are more likely to be found in plant than in ___ cells

A

animal

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38
Q

Centrioles are composed of microtubules and are involved in ___ organization during cell division

A

spindle

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39
Q

___ are not bound by a membrane

A

centrioles

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40
Q

Animal cells usually have a pair of centrioles oriented at ___ angles to each other that lie in a region of the cell called the centrosome

A

right

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41
Q

Plant cells do not contain ___

A

centrioles

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42
Q

___ are membrane-bound vesicles that contain ___ involved in intracellular digestion

A

hydrolytic enzymes

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43
Q

An injured or dying cell may self-destruct by rupturing the lysosome membrane and releasing its hydrolytic enzymes; this process is called ___

A

autolysis

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44
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate ___

A

filaments

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45
Q

Microtubules are hollow rods made up of polymerized ___ that radiate throughout the cell and provide it with support

A

tubulin

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46
Q

Centrioles, which direct the separation of chromosomes during cell division, are composed of ___

A

microtubules

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47
Q

Microfilaments are solid rods of ___, which are important in cell movement as well as support

A

actin

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48
Q

Muscle contraction, for example, is based on the interaction of actin with ___

A

myosin

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49
Q

Intermediate filaments serve as the structural backbone of the cell, as they are able to withstand a tremendous amount of ___

A

tension

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50
Q

Along with making the cell structure more rigid, ___ help anchor organelles to their respective places in the cell

A

intermediate filaments

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51
Q

___ is a passive process that requires no external source of energy

A

simple diffusion

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52
Q

___ is the simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration

A

osmosis

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53
Q

When the cytoplasm has a ___ solute concentration than the extracellular medium, the medium is said to be hypertonic to the cell, and water will flow out of the cell into the surrounding medium

A

lower

54
Q

When the cytoplasm of a cell has a lower solute concentration that the extracellular medium, the cell can ___

A

shrivel

55
Q

When the cell shrivels, this is called ___

A

plasmolysis

56
Q

During osmosis, water moves toward ___ equilibrium

A

isotonic

57
Q

In other words, water always moves in the direction that will make both solutions ___ to one another

A

isotonic

58
Q

If the extracellular environment is less concentrated than the cytoplasm of the cell, the extracellular medium is said to be ___

A

hypotonic

59
Q

In a hypotonic solution, water will flow ___ the cell, causing it to swell an lyse (burst)

A

into

60
Q

Red blood cells will burst if placed in ___ water

A

distilled

61
Q

Facilitated diffusion (passive transport) is the net movement of dissolved particles ___ their concentration gradient through special channels or carrier proteins in the cell membrane. This process, like simple diffusion, does not require energy

A

down

62
Q

Active transport is the net movement of dissolved particles ___ their concentration gradients with the help of transport proteins

A

against

63
Q

Unlike diffusion, ___ transport requires energy

A

active

64
Q

___ move two or more ions or molecules in the same direction

A

symporters

65
Q

___ exchange one or more ions (or molecules) for another ion or molecule across the membrane

A

antiporters

66
Q

___ are energy-dependent carriers (require ATP); e.g., sodium-potassium pump

A

pumps

67
Q

___ is a process in which the cell membrane invaginates, forming a vesicle that contains extracellular medium

A

endocytosis

68
Q

___ is the ingestion of fluids or small particles

A

pinocytosis

69
Q

___ is the engulfing of large particles

A

phagocytosis

70
Q

In both endocytosis and exocytosis, material never actually ___ through the cell membrane

A

passes

71
Q

___ is a period of growth and chromosome replication

A

interphase

72
Q

Mitosis begins with ___, which prepares the cell for karyokinesis (nuclear division)

A

prophase

73
Q

First part of prophase, ___ is condensed into clearly defined chromosomes.

A

chromatin

74
Q

Second part of prophase, the nuclear membrane dissolves which is necessary for nuclear ___

A

division

75
Q

Final part of prophase, the ___ pairs separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell

A

centriole

76
Q

During prophase, the centrioles will serve as anchoring points to pull and separate the ___

A

chromosomes

77
Q

In metaphase, the ___ are now at opposite poles of the cell and anchor themselves to the cell membrane through the formation of spindle fibers

A

centrioles

78
Q

During metaphase, additional spindle fibers radiate outwards from the centriole towards the chromosomes and attach to each chromatid at the ___, a protein located on the centromere of the chromosome

A

kinetochore

79
Q

In metaphase, the spindle fiber aligns the chromosomes along the ___ plate

A

metaphase

80
Q

Anaphase is marked by the separation of sister ___of each chromosome

A

chromatids

81
Q

First part of Anaphase, the centromeres split so that each chromatid has its own distinct ___, thus allowing their separation

A

centromere

82
Q

During Anaphase, the sister chromatids are pulled toward the opposite poles of the cell by the shortening of the spindle ___

A

fibers

83
Q

During telophase, the ___ apparatus disappears

A

spindle

84
Q

During telophase, a nuclear ___ forms around each set of newly formed chromosomes

A

nuclear

85
Q

During telophase, each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes (the ___ number, 2N) as the original or parent nucleus

A

diploid

86
Q

During telophase the chromosomes ___, resuming their interphase form

A

uncoil

87
Q

During cytokinesis, near the end of telophase, the cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells, each with a complete nucleus and its own set of ___

A

organelles

88
Q

During cytokinesis in ___ cells, a cleavage furrow forms, and the cell membrane indents along the equator of the cell, eventually pinching through the cell and separating the two nuclei

A

animal

89
Q

During cytokinesis in plant cells, a cell plate forms between the two ___, effectively splitting the plant cell in half and allowing the cell to divide

A

nuclei

90
Q

Sexual reproduction occurs via the fusion of two ___ - specialized sex cells produced by each parent

A

gametes

91
Q

For sexual reproduction to occur, Meiosis, the process by which sex cells are produced, must ___

A

occur

92
Q

Meiosis is similar to mitosis in that a cell duplicates its ___ before undergoing the process

A

chromosomes

93
Q

Mitosis preserves the diploid number of the cell, meiosis produces ___ (1N) cells, halving the number of chromosomes

A

haploid

94
Q

The haploid nature of sex cells important, as it ensures that upon fertilization (sex cell fusion) the resulting cell is ___

A

diploid

95
Q

___ (i.e. haploid, diploid) refers to how many chromosomes an organism has in a homologous set

A

ploidy

96
Q

___ sets are chromosomes that share structure and gene locations, but can have different alleles

A

homologous

97
Q

humans are ___, possessing two chromosomes in a homologous pair that will have a gene for hair color at the same location

A

diploid

98
Q

However, one chromosome may contain an ___ for brown hair while the other has the allele for blonde hair

A

allele

99
Q

As in mitosis, the interphase of meiosis is characterized by a diploid parent cell going through S phase, thereby replicating its __

A

DNA

100
Q

In interphase the change is that each chromosome now has ___ sister chromatids

A

two

101
Q

In interphase, each homologous pair has a total of ___ sister chromatids

A

four

102
Q

During the first meiotic division, after replication of the parent cell genome, ___ occurs

A

meiosis

103
Q

During meiosis, the first meiotic division yields two haploid (1N) daughter ___

A

cells

104
Q

during meiosis, the first meiotic division separates the pair of homologous chromosomes, not ___

A

chromatids

105
Q

Prophase I of meiosis shares similarities to prophase of mitosis: the chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the spindle apparatus forms, and the ___ and nuclear membrane disappear

A

nucleoli

106
Q

The major difference in prophase I of meiosis is the occurrence of ___ over

A

crossing

107
Q

___ is the genetic exchange between chromatids of homologous chromosomes and is vital for a species, as it increases genetic diversity

A

crossing over

108
Q

First part of crossing over involves homologous chromosomes coming together and intertwining in a process called ___

A

synapsis

109
Q

After the first part of crossing over, where homologous chromosomes intertwine, the resulting structure is often called a ___, as there is a total of four sister chromatids involved

A

tetrad

110
Q

___: During meiosis, the exact parts of the chromosomes where sister chromatids interact

A

chiasmata

111
Q

Once synapsis begins, chromatids of homologous chromosomes break at corresponding points and exchange equivalent pieces of ___

A

DNA

112
Q

Crossing over does not occur between sister chromatids on the same ___, as these chromatids are identical and would not produce any genetic variation

A

chromosomes

113
Q

___: homologous pairs (tetrads) align at the equatorial plane and each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiber at the kinetochore

A

metaphase I

114
Q

In anaphase I: The homologous pairs separate and are pulled to ___ poles of the cell

A

opposite

115
Q

During anaphase I when homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell, this is called ___

A

disjunction

116
Q

During anaphase I (disjunction), each chromosome of paternal origin separates (or disjoins) from its ___ of maternal origin, and either chromosome can end up in either daughter cell

A

homologue

117
Q

During anaphase I (disjunction), the distribution of homologous chromosomes to the two intermediate daughter cells is random with respect to parental ___

A

origin

118
Q

Nondisjunction occurs when cells do not separate appropriately during ___

A

meiosis

119
Q

A nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus during ___ thereby forming two haploid cells (1N) in which each chromosome has two sister chromatids

A

telophase I

120
Q

during ___ one, two haploid cells are often called intermediate daughter cells

A

telophase I

121
Q

Meiosis II shares many similarities with mitosis, specifically that in both of these processes sister chromatids are ___

A

separated

122
Q

One major difference between meiosis II and mitosis is the fact that in meiosis II both the parent (intermediate daughter cells) and daughter cells are haploid, while in mitosis all cells remain ___

A

diploid

123
Q

During prophase II, the ___ envelope dissolves, nucleoli disappear, the centrioles migrate to opposite poles, and the spindle apparatus begins to form

A

nuclear

124
Q

During metaphase II, the ___ line up on the metaphase plate

A

chromosomes

125
Q

During anaphase II, the sister chromatids of the chromosomes are separated and are pulled apart by shortening ___ fibers

A

spindle

126
Q

during anaphase II each separated sister chromatid is now considered a ___ itself

A

chromosome

127
Q

during telophase II, a nuclear membrane forms around each new set of ___

A

chomosomes

128
Q

Cytokinesis follows ___ and two haploid daughter cells are formed per intermediate daughter cell

A

telophase II

129
Q

By completion of meiosis II, up to four ___ daughter cells are produced per gametocyte (parent cell of meiosis II)

A

haploid

130
Q

Telophase II results in up (italicized) to four haploid daughter cells because in oogenesis, female gametogenesis, two or three of the potential gametes become polar bodies and are ___ by the body

A

absorbed

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