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DAT > Biology Reproductive System > Flashcards

Biology Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

___ differs asexual reproduction in that the genetic material of two organisms combines and results in a genetically unique offspring

A

sexual reproduction

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction occurs via the fusion of two ___, the specialized cells produced by each parent

A

gametes

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3
Q

Sexual reproduction requires:
production of ___ sex cells or gametes by adult organisms
union of these cells (fertilization or conjugation) to form a zygote
development of the zygote into another adult, completing the cycle

A

functional

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4
Q

___, the production of gametes, occurs in specialized organs called gonads

A

gametogenesis

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5
Q

The male gonads, the testes, produce sperm in the tightly coiled ___ tubules

A

seminiferous

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6
Q

The female gonads, the ___, produce oocytes (eggs)

A

ovaries

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7
Q

Some species are ___, which possess both functional male and female gonads

A

hermaphrodites

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8
Q

___, or sperm production, occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

A

spermatogenesis

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9
Q

In females, the process is called ___, or egg production, and occurs in the ovaries

A

oogenesis

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10
Q

___ is the union of the egg and sperm nuclei to form a zygote with a diploid number of chromosomes

A

fertilization

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11
Q

___ is practiced by terrestrial vertebrates and provides a direct route for sperm to reach the egg cell

A

internal fertilization

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12
Q 
Pathway of Sperm through the male reproductive system: SEVE(N) UP
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
vas deferens (also called the ductus deferens)
Ejaculatory duct
(Next)
\_\_\_
Penis
A

Urethra

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13
Q

The ___ are located in the scrotum, an external pouch that maintains the testes’ temperature at 2 to 4 degrees lower than body temperature, a condition essential for sperm survival

A

testes

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14
Q

The sperm cells mature in the ___, a structure resting atop of testes

A

epididymis

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15
Q

FSH acts on the ___ cells, located in the seminiferous tubules, to support the development of maturing sperm cells

A

sertoli

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16
Q

LH acts on ___ cells to stimulate testosterone production in the testes

A

leydig

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17
Q

In the seminiferous tubules diploid cells called spermatogonia differentiate into ___ cells called primary spermatocytes, which undergo a meiotic division to yield two haploid secondary spermatocytes of equal size; a second meiotic division produces four haploid spermatids of equal size

A

diploid

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18
Q

After miosis, the ___ undergo a final series of changes that increase their mobility, resulting in mature sperm, or spermatozoa

A

spermatids

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19
Q

On a mature sperm, a caplike structure called the acrosome, derived from the ___, develops over the anterior half of the head

A

Golgi apparatus

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20
Q

The ___ contains enzymes needed to penetrate the tough outer covering of the ovum

A

acrosome

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21
Q

In a female, it is the follicle cells that produce ___

A

estrogen

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22
Q

Approximately once a month, an immature ovum is released (ovulation) from the ___ into the abdominal cavity and drawn by cilia into the nearby oviduct, also known as a fallopian tube

A

ovary

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23
Q

Each fallopian tube opens into the upper end of a muscular chamber called the ___, the site of fetal development

A

uterus

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24
Q

The lower, narrow end of the uterus is called the ___

A

cervix

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25
Q

The cervix connects with the vaginal canal, which is the site of sperm deposition during ___ and is also the passageway through which a baby is expelled during childbirth

A

intercourse

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26
Q

Oogenesis, the production of female gametes, occurs in the ovarian ___

A

follicles

27
Q

At birth, most of the immature ___, known as primary oocytes, that a female will produce during her lifetime have already formed

A

ova

28
Q

Primary oocytes are diploid cells that form by mitosis in the ___

A

ovary

29
Q

After menarche (the first time a female menstruates), one primary oocyte per month completes meiosis I, yielding two daughter cells of unequal size - a secondary ___ and a small cell known as a polar body

A

oocyte

30
Q

The secondary oocyte is expelled from the ___ during ovulation, while the polar body gets reabsorbed

A

follicle

31
Q

___ (oogenesis) does not occur until fertilization

A

Meiosis II

32
Q

The ___ cell membrane is surrounded by two layers of cells; the inner zona pellucida layer and the outer corona radiata layer

A

oocyte

33
Q

Meiosis II occurs when the zona pellucida and corona radiata layers are penetrated by a sperm cell, yielding two haploid cells - a mature ___ and another polar body

A

ovum

34
Q

The ovaries synthesize and secrete female sex hormones, including estrogens and ___

A

progesterone

35
Q

The secretion of both estrogens and and progesterone is ___ by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which, are regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

regulated

36
Q

___ are secreted by the ovarian follicles and the corpus luteum

A

Estrogens

37
Q

Progesterone stimulates the development and maintenance of the ___ in preparation for implantation

A

endometrium

38
Q

The follicular phase focuses on the growth of the follicle, specifically the growth of the ___

A

follicle

39
Q

The ___ phase begins with the cessation of menses (menstruation) from the previous cycle, which results in a decrease in progesterone

A

follicular

40
Q

Throughout the follicular phase, blood ___ levels increase, eventually triggering the next phase, ovulation

A

estrogen

41
Q

Midway through the cycle, ovulation occurs - a mature ___ follicle bursts and releases an ovum into the fallopian tube

A

ovarian

42
Q

___ is caused by a surge in LH that is preceded, and caused by, a peak in estrogen levels

A

ovulation

43
Q

As ___levels increase during the follicular phase, a concentration threshold is reached that causes a positive feedback loop with the anterior pituitary, inducing the LH surge (a smaller FSH surge also occurs)

A

estrogen

44
Q

A surge in estrogen during ovulation causes the mature follicle to burst, releasing the ovum while the follicle exterior transforms into the corpus luteum (___body)

A

luteal

45
Q

After ___, LH levels are relatively high but begin to drop due to hormone interaction with the corpus luteum

A

ovulation

46
Q

LH maintains the corpus luteum, which secretes estrogen and ___

A

progesterone

47
Q

When there is an increase in estrogen and progesterone, a negative ___ loop occurs, thereby decreasing LH levels therefore the corpus luteum is on a biological timer, as it secretes more progesterone the less LH is present which causes the degradation of the corpus luteum, triggering menstruation

A

feedback

48
Q

During the luteal phase, ___ causes the glands of the endometrium to mature and produce secretions that prepare it for the implantation of an embryo

A

progesterone

49
Q

During menstruation, if the ovum is not fertilized, the ___ atrophies due to a decrease in LH

A

corpus luteum

50
Q

When the corpus luteum atrophies, the resulting drop in ___ and estrogen levels causes the endometrium (with its superficial blood vessels) to shed, giving rise to the menstrual flow (menses)

A

progesterone

51
Q

If fertilization occurs, menstruation is avoided as both the resulting ___ and the developing placenta produce hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

A

zygote

52
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin is a LH analog which maintains the corpus luteum, therefore ensuring a continuous supply of estrogen and ___ needed to maintain the uterus

A

progesterone

53
Q

An ___ can be fertilized during the 12-24 hours after ovulation

A

egg

54
Q

___ most often occurs in the lateral, widest portion of the fallopian tube

A

fertilization

55
Q

Enzymes secreted by the ___ aid in penetration of the corona radiata

A

sperm

56
Q

The acrosome is responsible for penetrating the ___; it releases enzymes that digest this layer, thereby allowing the sperm to come into direct contact with the ovum cell membrane

A

zona pellucida

57
Q

Once in contact with the ovum cell membrane, the sperm forms a tubelike structure called the ___ process, which extends to the cell membrane and penetrates it, fusing the sperm cell membrane with that of the ovum

A

acrosomal

58
Q

Once the sperm cell membrane fuses with that of the ovum the sperm ___ now enters the ovum’s cytoplasm

A

nucleus

59
Q

Once the ___ nucleus enters the ovum the ovum completes meiosis II

A

sperm

60
Q

The acrosomal reaction triggers a cortical reaction in the ovum, causing calcium ions to be released into the cytoplasm; this initiates a series of reactions that result in the formation of the ___ membrane

A

fertilization

61
Q

The ___ is a hard layer that surrounds the ovum cell membrane and prevents multiple fertilizations

A

fertilization membrane

62
Q

The release of Ca2+ in the ___ of the ovum also stimulates metabolic changes within the ovum, greatly increasing its metabolic rate

A

cytoplasm

63
Q

When the metabolic rate of the ovum (having had Ca2+ released in the ___ already) increases, this is followed by the fusion of the sperm nucleus with the ovum nucleus to form a diploid zygote

A

cytoplasm

64
Q

When the fusion of the sperm nucleus with the ovum nucleus occurs to form a diploid ___, the first mitotic division of the zygote soon follows

A

zygote

DAT (46 decks)

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