Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DAT > Biology Metabolism > Flashcards

Biology Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

A

Metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Metabolism can be divided into ___ reactions, which break down chemicals and release energy, and anabolic reactions

A

catabolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

___ respiration describes the biochemical conversion of chemical energy stored in molecular bonds into usable energy (ATP), a catabolic process

A

cellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Aerobic (cellular) respiration occurs in the presence of ___, while anaerobic (cellular) respiration occurs in the absence of ___

A

oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

External respiration refers to the inhaling and exhaling of air into and out of the lungs as well as the ___ of gas between the alveoli and the blood

A

exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Internal respiration refers to exchange of gas between ___ cells and the extracellular fluid

A

individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

If energy is released during a reaction, then the products must have less ___ energy than the reactants

A

potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The primary difference between metabolism and combustion is that cellular respiration releases this energy in a series of smaller steps, thereby allowing the cell to capture the energy for use rather than the ___ being released to the environment as heat as seen in combustion

A

energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

___ literally means “sugar breaking” and is a series of reactions that lead to the oxidative breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, the production of ATP, and the reduction of NAD+ into NADH

A

Glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In a redox reaction there is always a compound that is oxidized and one that is ___

A

reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In the case of glycolysis, ___ is oxidized and NAD+ is reduced

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The entirety of glycolysis occurs in the ___ and, therefore , can be completed by both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The ___ (steps 1 - 3) gets its name from the fact that two ATP’s are used to add two phosphate groups to glucose, producing fructose 1,6-biphosphate (6 carbon)

A

energy investment stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The second stage of glycolysis (step 4), ___, splits fructose 1,6-biphosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (PGAL) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), each being a 3 carbon compound with an added phosphate group

A

cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

___ is then isomerized to form a second PGAL

A

DHAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The third stage of glycolysis (steps 5-9), ___, results in the production of ATP

A

energy payout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Energy payout occurs ___ per glucose molecule because there are two PGAL’s

A

twice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In this series of steps, PGAL is ___ converted to pyruvate resulting in the reduction of NAD+ to NADH (catalyzed by dehydrogenase) and the production of two ATPs (catayzed by kinases)

A

converted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

For glycolysis, one molecule of glucose yields two molecules of ___ which are obtained

A

pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

During this sequence of reactions, two ATP are used and four ___ are generated

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

For glycolysis, there is a net production of two ATP per ___ molecule

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation takes place in glycolysis because ATP synthesis is directly coupled with ___ of glucose without participation of an intermediate molecule such as NADH or FADH2

A

oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation does require an intermediate ___ carrier such as NADH or FADH2

A

electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

After glycolysis, energy remains in pyruvate and pyruvate ___ can take place in aerobic or anaerobic conditions

A

degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

NAD+ must be regenerated for glycolysis to continue in the ___ of O2

A

absence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In anaerobic respiration, fermentation does not produce any ATP itself; therefore, glucose metabolized in the ___ pathway only produces the two ATP through glycolysis

A

anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Alcohol fermentation coverts the pyruvate produced in ___ to ethanol

A

glycolysis

28
Q

In lactic acid fermentation, the NAD+ used in step 5 of glycolysis is regenerated when ___ is reduced

A

pyruvate

29
Q

Whereas anaerobic respiration yields only 2 ATP per molecule of ___ from glycolysis, aerobic respiration can yield 36-38 ATP

A

glucose

30
Q

The pyruvate produced from glycolysis is transported through both mitochondrial membranes into the mitochondrial matrix where it undergoes ___ decarboxylation to produce acetyl-CoA

A

pyruvate

31
Q

In aerobic respiration, acetyl-CoA undergoes a cycle of reactions known as the citric acid cycle (sometimes called the TCA or Krebs cycle) producing electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) and regenerating ___, allowing the cycle to happen continuously

A

oxaloacatate

32
Q

In aerobic respiration when electron carriers NADH and FADH2 are made these elelctron carriers power protons (H+) against their concentration gradient into the ___ space

A

intermembrane

33
Q

When electron carriers take part in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) this method of ATP production is termed ___ phosphorylation

A

oxidative

34
Q

Prokaryotes do not have mitochondria but aerobic bacteria are still able to partake in aerobic respiration, but the citric acid cycle occurs in the ___ and the electron transport chain is located on the bacterial membrane itself

A

cytosol

35
Q

The pyruvate formed during glycolysis is transported from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix where it is decarboxylated (i.e., it loses a CO2), and the acetyl group that remains is transferred to ___ A to form acetyl-CoA

A

coenzyme

36
Q

During pyruvate decarboxylation NAD+ is ___ to NADH

A

reduced

37
Q

The cycle begins when the two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate, a four-carbon molecule, to form the six-___ citrate

A

carbon

38
Q

Through a series of reactions, two CO2 are released and oxaloacetate, a four-carbon molecule is regenerated for use in ___ turn of the cycle

A

another

39
Q

For each turn of the citric acid cycle, one ATP is produced by substrate-level ___ via a GTP intermediate

A

phosphorylation

40
Q

During the citric acid cycle, electrons are transferred to NAD+ and FAD, generating three ___ and one FADH2

A

NADH

41
Q

These reduction reactions in the TCA are coupled with the ___ of carbon, producing two CO2

A

oxidation

42
Q

For each molecule of glucose in the TCA, two pyruvate are decarboxylated and ___ into the citric acid cycle

A

channeled

43
Q

At this stage of TCA cycle, two of each type of molecular product at this stage are created for each ___ molecule

A

glucose

44
Q

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a complex ___ mechanism located on the inside of the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

carrier

45
Q

During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is produced when high-energy potential electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen by a series of carrier molecules located in the inner ___ membrane

A

mitochondrial

46
Q

As electrons are transferred in the ETC, ___ energy is released which is then used to form ATP

A

free

47
Q

Most molecules of the ETC are ___, electron carriers that resemble hemoglobin in the structure of their active site

A

cytochrome

48
Q

The last carrier of the ETC passes its electron to the ___ electron acceptor, O2

A

final

49
Q

O2 picks up a pair of hydrogen ions from the surrounding medium, forming ___

A

water

50
Q

The coupling agent for the TCA and ETC is a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane ___ by the ETC

A

maintained

51
Q

As NADH and FADH2 pass their electrons to the ETC, H+ ions are pumped out of the matrix, across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and into the ___ space at each of the ETC protein complexes

A

intermembrane

52
Q

The continuous translocation of H+ creates a positively charged, acidic environment in the ___ space

A

intermembrane

53
Q

In order to pass through the membrane (which is impermeable to ions), H+ must flow through specialized channels provided by enzyme complexes called ___ synthases, enough energy is released to allow for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

A

ATP

54
Q

___ phosphorylation is the coupling of the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 with the phosphorylation of ADP

A

oxidative

55
Q

Fat molecules are stored in adipose tissue in the ___ of triglycerides

A

form

56
Q

When needed, they are hydrolyzed by lipases to fatty acids and glycerol and are carried by the ___ to other tissues for oxidation

A

blood

57
Q

With each round of beta-oxidation of a ___ fatty acid, one NADH and one FADH2 are generated

A

saturated

58
Q

The process of photosynthesis can be divided into light reactions and dark reactions which although ___ with the light reactions do not require sunlight

A

coupled

59
Q

When light strikes a P700 molecule, it excites electrons, these ___ energy electrons can flow along two pathways giving cyclic electron flow or non cyclic electron flow

A

high

60
Q

During photosynthesis, the series of redox reactions are harnessed using an electron transport chain, a proton gradient, and ATP ___ to produce ATP from ADP and Pi in a process called cyclic photophosphorylation

A

synthase

61
Q

P700 then P680 are used to undergo the electron transport chain upon a photon ___ electrons

A

exciting

62
Q

The dark reactions use the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions to reduce ___ to carbohydrates

A

CO2

63
Q

Although these reactions do not directly require light, they will only occur during the day, when the light ___ are replenishing the supply of ATP and NADPH

A

reactions

64
Q

CO2 is the source of ___ in the Calvin Cycle

A

carbohydrate

65
Q

The product of the ___cycle is the three carbon sugar phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)

A

Calvin

66
Q

Calvin cycle is similar to the Krebs cycle in reverse: (1) carbon dioxide is fed into the cycle; in the Krebs cycle it was produced and released; (2) reducing power is utilized during the cycle (NADPH); in the Krebs cycle NADH was removed; (3) ___ is used in the cycle (conversion of ATP to ADP); in the Krebs cycle, energy was produced when ATP was formed from ADP and inorganic phosphate

A

energy

DAT (46 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions