Chem6 - Solutions and Electrochemistry Flashcards
1
Q
lowest ksp(solubility product) will precipitate
A
first
2
Q
what is a solution?
A
solute –> solvent(solute goes into solvent)
3
Q
what is solvation?
A
when ionic compounds dissolve
4
Q
what is hydration?
A
solvation in WATER
5
Q
something that is hydrated is said to be in the ___ phase
A
aqueous
6
Q
what is an electrolyte?
A
compound that forms ions in an aqueous solution
7
Q
nitrite?
A
NO2-
8
Q
nitrate?
A
NO3-
9
Q
sulfite?
A
SO32-
10
Q
sulfate?
A
SO42-
11
Q
hypochloride
A
ClO-
12
Q
chlorite
A
ClO2-
13
Q
chlorate
A
ClO3-
14
Q
perchlorate
A
ClO4-
15
Q
carbonate
A
CO32-
16
Q
bicarbonate
A
HCO32-
17
Q
phosphate
A
PO43-
18
Q
ammonium
A
NH4+
19
Q
what is molarity
A
mol/Ldepends on amount of solvent
20
Q
what is molality?
A
mols solute/kg solvent(mol/kG)
21
Q
what is mol fraction?
A
mols compound/total mols of all species
22
Q
mass % =?
A
mass solute/total mass of solution * 100
23
Q
ppm=?
A
mass solute/total solution mass * 106
24
Q
what is vapor pressure?
A
pressure created by molecules above liquid
25
what causes evaporation?
when vapor pressure of liquid is higher than partial pressure of vapor
26
what causes condensation?
when partial pressure of vapor is greater than vapor pressure of liquid
27
what is a nonvolatile solute?
a solute with no vapor pressure
28
what does Raoult's law state?
Pv=Xa*Papartial vapor pressure= mol fraction of substance * vapor pressure of pure substance
29
how does Raoult's law apply to volatile solutes?
Pv=XaPa+XbPbvolatile solutes can contirbute to the vapor pressure
30
what is the solubility product (Ksp)?
equilibrium constant for a solvation reaction,excludes solids
31
what is a spectator ion?
an ion that has no effect on the equilibrium
32
what is the common ion effect?
works according to Le Chatliers principle, can alter the equilibrium depending on what the ion added is
33
what does henry's law state?
solubility of a gas is proportional to its vapor pressure
34
what is a redox reaction?
transfer of electrons
35
what does it mean when something is oxidized?
loses electronsOIL RIG
36
what does it mean when something is reduced?
GAINS ELECTRONS
37
oxidation state for elemental atoms?
0
38
oxidation state for fluorine?
-1
39
oxidation state for hydrogen?
+1 (-1 when bonded to metal)
40
oxidation state for oxgen?
-2(-1 when in a peroxide)
41
what is a reducing agent?
donates electrons and is OXIDIZED
42
what is an oxidizing agent?
accepts electrons and is REDUCED
43
what is electric potential (E)
refers to potential for transfer of electrons
44
the more positive E (electric potential) is
more likelyhood of reaction proceeding
45
each half reaction has a potential known as
reduction potential (oxidation potential in reverse)
46
more + E values mean
stronger oxidizing agent and easily reduced
47
more - E values means
stronger reducing agents and easily oxidized
48
the more + an E is
the more likely it is to be reduced
49
the more - an E is
the more likely it is to be oxidized
50
what is the standard potential for formation of H2?
0 V2H+ + 2e- --> H2
51
what is the sign for an anode?
negative
52
what is the sign for a cathode in a galvanic/electrolytic cell?
positive/negative
53
what reaction takes place at the cathode?
reduction
54
what reaction takes place at the anode?
oxidation
55
what is cell potential? (E)?
AKA electron motive force (emf), refers to potential difference between terminals when they are not connected
56
electrons flow from the ___ to the ___
anode to the cathode
57
what are terminals?
metal conductors
58
current flows from the __ to the __
cathode to the anode
59
what is a salt bridge?
a liquid junction that minimizes the potential difference
60
equation for free energy in a cell?
ΔG=-nFEmaxn= # of mols of electrons transferred
61
what is a concentration cell?
separates oxidation and reduction reactions.cells differ in their ion concentrations, electrons flow to where there is greater concentration of ions
62
what is an electrolytic cell?
when an external power source is attached to a galvanic cell and forces a reverse reactionhas negative emfcathode is -, anode is +
63
in an electrochemical cell, if the potential is zero then Q=
Keq
64
in an electrochemical cell at equilibrium, what is the voltage?
ZERO
