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Premed95 > Chem2 - Intro to Orgo > Flashcards

Chem2 - Intro to Orgo Flashcards

1
Q

how do you calculate formal charge?

A

of valence electrons-(#nonbonded electrons+# of bonds)

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2
Q

characteristics of a sigma bond?

A

low energy, stable, electrons localized between points of positive charge

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3
Q

characteristics of a pi bond?

A

shortens bond length, increases entropy, introduces rigidity, forms double and triple bonds (above and below sigma bond)

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4
Q

how do you calculate hybridization?

A

count number of lone pairs and sigma bonds, subtract 1

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5
Q

sp geometry?

A

180 and linear

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6
Q

sp2 geometry?

A

120 and trigonal planar

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7
Q

sp3 geometry?

A

109.5 and tetrahedral or bent

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8
Q

what makes a cyclic compound aromatic?

A

must have 4n+2 pi electrons to be aromatic, and conjugated

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9
Q

nucleophilic fxnl group

A

negative charge, ATTACKS

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10
Q

electrophilic fxnl group

A

+ charge and GETS ATTACKED

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11
Q

ether?

A

R-O-R’

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12
Q

amine?

A

NH2-R,can also be secondary or tertiary

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13
Q

ester?

A

R-COO-R

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14
Q

amide?

A

R-CONH2

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15
Q

what is a structural isomer

A

same formula, different connectivity

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16
Q

what is a conformational isomer

A

same connectivity, different spatial orientation

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17
Q

what is a stereoisomer

A

2 UNIQUE molecules, same formula, and connectivity

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18
Q

what is an entantiomer?

A

non superimposable mirror immage, differs at every single chiral carbon

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19
Q

what is a diastereomer?

A

don’t differ at ALL chiral carbons, therefore not mirror images

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20
Q

what is absolute configuration?

A

R or S?

21
Q

what is relative configuration?

A

when 1 substituent changes, and others remain the same spatially

22
Q

what is an epimer?

A

refers to one pair of stereocenters that differ at only one chiral center

23
Q

what is an anomer?

A

a cyclic diastereomer, the chiral carbon is called the anomeric carbon

24
Q

what is the E/Z system?

A

given the double bond shit, if the highest priority groups are on the same side then they are Z, otherwise they are E

25
Q

what does dichloromethane solvate?

A

nonpolar solutes

26
Q

what is the purpose of benedict’s test?

A

to detect reducing sugars

27
Q

glucose forms a ___ ring

A

pyranose

28
Q

fructose forms a ___ ring

A

furanose

29
Q

what functional group is represented by an IR peak at 1650?

A

alkenes

30
Q

what functional group is an IR peak at 1735?

A

carbonyl

31
Q

what are the steric requirements for a good protecting group?

A

LEAST sterically hindered is usually best

32
Q

in a trans cyclic molecule one substituent will be ___ and the other will be ____

A

axial, equatorial

33
Q

does the rate of an SN1 reaction depend on nucleophile concentration?

A

no

34
Q

what kind of light do conjugated systems absorb?

A

UV light

35
Q

what is an imide?

A

nitrogen attached to 2 ketones

36
Q

in NMR spec, high field/upfield means shielding or deshielding effect

A

shielding

37
Q

in NMR spec, low field/downfield means shielding or deshielding effect

A

deshielding

38
Q

what type of solvent is favored by SN1 rxns?

A

protic

39
Q

what type of solvent is preferred by sn2 rxns?

A

polar aprotic

40
Q

what is the IR range for the OH group in a carboxylic acid?

A

2500-3300

41
Q

NMR peaks between 5-8 represent

A

amide hydrogens

42
Q

what is a reducing sugar?

A

has a free aldehyde or ketone group. (all monosaccharides are reducing sugars)

43
Q

what compound elutes first in reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography?

A

the more polar compund

44
Q

how can you tell if a disaccharide is a reducing sugar?

A

if it is a hemiacetal (in equilibrium with open chain form that has an aldehyde or a ketone)

45
Q

are SN2 reactions affected by steric hindrance?

A

YES

46
Q

what is the first peak in a gas chromatograph representing?

A

the thing with the lowest molecular weight and weakest intermolecular forces

47
Q

for cyclic compounds, the most stable position is when

A

large groups are equatorial

48
Q

how do you calculate degrees of unsaturation?

A

(#Carbons*2)+2-# of hydrogens

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