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Premed95 > 8 - Self-Identity, Social Thinking, and Social Interactions > Flashcards

8 - Self-Identity, Social Thinking, and Social Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

what is self concept?

A

how someone thinks about or perceieves/evaluates themself

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2
Q

what is existential self?

A

knowledge that you are separate/distinct from others

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3
Q

what is categorical self?

A

awareness that even though we are a distinct entity, we exist in the world with others

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4
Q

what are the 3 elements of self concept theorized by carl rogers?

A

self image, self esteem, ideal self

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5
Q

what is personal identity?

A

things unique to you

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6
Q

what is social identity?

A

groups you belong to

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7
Q

what is self esteem?

A

respect and regard for self

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8
Q

what is self efficacy?

A

belief in ones ability to do things

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9
Q

what is strong self efficacy?

A

ability to bounce back from setbacks

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10
Q

what is weak self efficacy?

A

focusing on personal failures and negative outcomes

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11
Q

what is locus of control?

A

refers to extent to which people think they have control over their life

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12
Q

what are the 5 stages of Freud’s psychosexual development?

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital

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13
Q

what is fixation, in the context of Freud’s developmental theory?

A

getting stuck at a certain stage of development

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14
Q

What are the age ranges for the stages of Freud’s development model?

A

Oral: 0-1, Anal: 1-3, Phallic: 3-6, Latent:6-12, Genital: 12+

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15
Q

what is the oral stage?

A

baby focused on interacting with world through mouth, fixation leads to smoking, nailbiting, eating too much

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16
Q

what is the anal stage?

A

baby focues on deveoping self efficacy for pooping/peeing. fixation leads to messiness/disorganization in adult life

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17
Q

what is the phallic stage?

A

baby starts to see opposite sex parent as rival for attention. Oedipus/Electra complex. fixation leads to sexual dysfunction in adulthood

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18
Q

what is the latent stage

A

nothing much really happening, libido focused on developing communication skills. fixation doesn’t lead to much of anything

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19
Q

what is the genital stage?

A

individual develops sexual maturity

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20
Q

what are the 8 stages of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

A

trust v. mistrust, autonomy v. doubt, initiative v. guilt, industry v. inferiority, identity v. role confusion, intimacy v. isolaton, generativity v. stagnation, integrity v. despair

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21
Q

what is the age range and virtue for the trust v. mistrust stage

A

0-1, HOPE, failing to acquire it leads to suspicion/mistrut

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22
Q

what is the age range and virtue for the autonomy v. doubt stage

A

1-3, children develop independence by walking away from parent, virtue achieved is will. negative outcome is feeling of inadequacy and lacking self esteem

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23
Q

what is the age range and virtue for the initiative v. guilt stage?

A

3-6, reach sense of purpose, negative outcome is guilt (becomes follower)

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24
Q

what is the age range and virtue for the industry v. inferiority stage?

A

6-12, greater significance/self esteem

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25
Q

what is the age range and virtue for the identity v. role confusion stage

A

12-20, virtue is fidelity, negative outcome is rebellion

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26
Q

what is the age range and virtue for the generativity v. stagnation stage

A

adults feel like they giving back, develop sense of care for others

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27
Q

what is the age range and virtue for the integrity v despair stage

A

65+ virtue is wisdom, contemplating on life

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28
Q

what are the 4 elementary functions that babies have as proposed by Vygotsky?

A

attention, sensation, perception, memory

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29
Q

what is the more knowledgable other?

A

part of Vygotsky’s theory. is the person who who knows more than the learner and assists in their development

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30
Q

what is the zone of proximal development?

A

link between can and can’t do, should be target for teaching.

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31
Q

what is Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

3 stages, looks at how people develop their moral standards

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32
Q

what are the 3 stages of Kohlberg’s moral development theory?

A

pre-conventional, conventional, post conventional

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33
Q

what is the preconventional stage divided into?

A

obedience v. punishment and individualism vs self interest

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34
Q

what is the conventional stage divided into?

A

societal norms/acceptance and law and order

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35
Q

what is the post conventional stage divided into?

A

social contract and universal ethical principle

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36
Q

what is a reference group?

A

the group to which a person compares themselves

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37
Q

what did charles cooley think about social development?

A

everyone you interact with influences you

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38
Q

what did Mead think about development?

A

developed idea of social behaviorism, as we grow up our belief on how we are perceived by others predominates in 3 stages

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39
Q

what are mead’s 3 stages?

A

prepatory(interaction through imitation), play stage (pretend play), game stage (understand society as a whole

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40
Q

what is the I and me?

A

me is what what we learn through interactions with others, I is response of individual

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41
Q

what is the actual self?

A

balance between I and me

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42
Q

what is the looking glass self?

A

person’s sense of self develops through perceptions of how others perceive us

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43
Q

what is an internal attribution?

A

attributing something to someone’s internal factors

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44
Q

what is an external attribution?

A

attributing something to the person’s environment

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45
Q

what is are the 3 elements of the covariation model?

A

consistency, distinctiveness, consensus

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46
Q

when there is a high degree of consistency

A

more likely to attribute to internal factorsEx: this one guy is always late

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47
Q

when there is a high degree of distinctiveness

A

more likely to attribute to external/environmental factorsEx: guy is late because of huge car crash

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48
Q

when there is high degree of consensus

A

more likely to attribute to external factorsEx: whole group of people late to a meeting

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49
Q

what is the actor-observer bias?

A

attribute one’s own actions to external causes, while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes

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50
Q

what are characteristics of individualistic cultures?

A

attribute success to internal factors but failure to external factors

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51
Q

what are characteristics of collectivist cultures?

A

attribute success to external factors but failure to internal factors

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52
Q

what is the optimism bias?

A

belief that bad things happen to other people but not us

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53
Q

what is stereotyping?

A

attributing a certain though/cognition to a group of people (overgeneralizing). this is a cognitive aspect

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54
Q

what is stereotype threat?

A

decrease in performance when presented with a negative stereotype

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55
Q

what is a self fulfilling prophecy?

A

stereotypes lead to behaviors that affirm original stereotype.repeated exposure to a stereotype causes members of stereotyped group to conform to the stereotype

56
Q

what is prejudice

A

affective/FEELING associated with a stereotype.

57
Q

what is the frustration aggression hypothesis?

A

frustration at a situation leads to aggression towards something and results in prejudice

58
Q

what is the hypothesis of relative deprivation?

A

people become more prejudiced/discriminatory when they are lacking some resource

59
Q

what is ethnicity?

A

socially defined by national origin/distinct cultural patterns

60
Q

what is a stigma?

A

extreme disapproval of a person based a behavior or quality of that person

61
Q

how does the media affect stigmas?

A

portraying things negatively to a mass audience

62
Q

what is the primacy bias?

A

first impressions are long, strong, and easily built upon

63
Q

what is the recency bias

A

more importance placed on your recent actions

64
Q

what is the halo effect?

A

tendency for people to be perceieved as inherently good or bad

65
Q

what are rational techniques to use when the just world hypothesis is challenged?

A

accept reality, prevent/correct injustice

66
Q

what are irrational techniques to use when the just world hypothesis is challenged?

A

deny the situation or reinterpret events

67
Q

what does it mean to be ethnocentric

A

to judge someone else’s culture from your own culture’s viewpoint

68
Q

what is cultural relativism?

A

judging a culture using its own standards instead of your own

69
Q

what is xenocentrism?

A

judging another’s culture to be superior to your own

70
Q

what is cultural imperialism?

A

imposing ones culture on others deliberately

71
Q

what happens during in group favoritism?

A

positive rxn to our in group but neutral reaction to out group

72
Q

what happens during out group derogation?

A

positive rxn to our in group but negative rxn to out group

73
Q

what is the most powerful predictor of relationships/friendships forming?

A

geographical proximity

74
Q

what is the mere exposure effect?

A

repeated exposure to something improves our opinion of it

75
Q

what is sexual dimorphism?

A

high degree of male/female sexual traits

76
Q

how would a person rate a girl after walking over a high narrow bridge?

A

very high because of sympathetic nervous system arousal

77
Q

you are more likely to trust/work with/date/marry someone who looks ___ to you

A

similar

78
Q

what is similarity bias?

A

when you only befriend people who look like you

79
Q

what is projection bias?

A

when you assume others share the same beliefs as you

80
Q

what is a false consensus?

A

we assume everyone agrees with us even if they really dont

81
Q

what was the conclusion of the harlow monkey experiment?

A

babies prefer comfort to food/nourishment

82
Q

what was observed for securely attached children?

A

able to explore in a room with a stranger without much issue and was soothed/returned to mother

83
Q

what was observed for insecurely attached children?

A

were not soothed by return of mother, exhibited some distance from parent

84
Q

what is the difference between authoritarian and authoritave parenting?

A

Hitler vs disciplined father

85
Q

which part of the brain is responsible for impulse control, and by extension: aggresion?

A

frontal lobe

86
Q

what is the frustration-aggression principle?

A

frustration–>aggression–>violenceEx: more crime on hot days

87
Q

what is altruism?

A

care about welfare of others/doing something for good of community

88
Q

what is reciprocral altruism?

A

doing something altruistic with expectation of reward, now or later

89
Q

what is cost signalling?

A

signalling that you have resources to give

90
Q

what is social status?

A

a person’s social position in society

91
Q

what is ascribed status?

A

status that you are born withEx: being born into royalty

92
Q

what is achieved status?

A

status that you earnEx: olympic athlete

93
Q

what is master status?

A

a status that supercedes all other statusesEx: mother thinking of herself more as a mother than a daughter

94
Q

what is role strain?

A

tension WITHIN one status

95
Q

what is role conflict?

A

tension BETWEEN statuses

96
Q

what is role exit?

A

when you stop engaging in a previous role to start engaging in a new one

97
Q

what is a primary group?

A

group that is closest to you

98
Q

what is a secondary group?

A

formal/impersonal and business like relationship.

99
Q

what is dramaturgy?

A

describes how people behave in social situation, front stage and back stage self

100
Q

what is front stage self

A

how you act in public or around other people,

101
Q

what is back stage self

A

when you act like yourself and do things that make you feel comfortable

102
Q

what is impression management?

A

attempt to control how others see us

103
Q

what is discrimination?

A

harmful ACTIONS against a minority

104
Q

what is individual discrimination?

A

one person taking action against another

105
Q

what is institutional discrimination?

A

instituion (government/bank/school) taking action against a minority

106
Q

what is side effect discrimination?

A

how one organization can affect another negatively

107
Q

what is past-in-present discrimination?

A

something from the past, that may be illegal now, still affects individual todayEx: untouchable caste in india

108
Q

what is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

A

discrimination=ACTION, prejudice is just an attitude/feeling

109
Q

what is an organization?

A

institution designed for a specific purpose or goal.

110
Q

what is a utilitarian organization?

A

members are paid/rewarded for their work and efforts

111
Q

what is a normative organization?

A

when members come together through a shared goalEx: MADD

112
Q

what is a coercive organization?

A

don’t have a choice about being a memberEx: prison or military

113
Q

what iaBureaucratization?

A

process by which an organization becomes increasingly regulated by rules/laws/policy

114
Q

what is the iron rule of oligarchy?

A

describes how even the most democratic organizations become morebureaucratic over time until a select few govern it

115
Q

what isMcDonaldization?

A

describes how fast food principles of effeciency, uniformity, control have come to dominate other aspects of life like movie theaters

116
Q

what are the characteristics of an idealBureaucracy?

A

division of labor, hierarchy, written rules/regulations, impersonality(equal treatment), employment based on technical qualifications

117
Q

what is foraging?

A

animal searching for food. has to balance energy spent with energy gained. can be solitary or group

118
Q

what is autocommunication?

A

animal talks to itselfEx: bat using sonar

119
Q

what are some functions of animal communication?

A

mating, defend territory, warn others about predators

120
Q

what is anthropomorphism?

A

attributing human traits to non human things

121
Q

what are phermones

A

things used by animals to communicate

122
Q

what is random mating?

A

all individuals equally likely to mate with each other

123
Q

what is assortative mating?

A

one genotype/phenotype reproduces at a higher rate

124
Q

what is dissortative mating?

A

individuals with different phenotype more likely to mate

125
Q

what is inclusive fitness?

A

of offsprings organism has and how it supports them

126
Q

what does evolutionary game theory state?

A

organism that is most fit will survive and reproduce

127
Q

what is the difference between a stereotype and prejudice?

A

stereotype is a specific assumption while a prejudice is a general attitude

128
Q

stranger anxiety tends to emerge around what age?

A

8-11 month

129
Q

what is a dependent stressor?

A

one that the person influences

130
Q

the “me” is basically

A

not doing a dick move, doing what society expects you to

131
Q

what are the components of social identity?

A

self identity, collective identity

132
Q

BF skinner is associated with

A

operant conditioning

133
Q

mary ainsworth studied

A

infant attachment

134
Q

the dispositional theory of behavior is more closely related to

A

psychoanalysts

135
Q

what is the social contract stage of kohlberg’s moral development?

A

views laws as malleable to promote social welfare

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