8 - Self-Identity, Social Thinking, and Social Interactions Flashcards
1
Q
what is self concept?
A
how someone thinks about or perceieves/evaluates themself
2
Q
what is existential self?
A
knowledge that you are separate/distinct from others
3
Q
what is categorical self?
A
awareness that even though we are a distinct entity, we exist in the world with others
4
Q
what are the 3 elements of self concept theorized by carl rogers?
A
self image, self esteem, ideal self
5
Q
what is personal identity?
A
things unique to you
6
Q
what is social identity?
A
groups you belong to
7
Q
what is self esteem?
A
respect and regard for self
8
Q
what is self efficacy?
A
belief in ones ability to do things
9
Q
what is strong self efficacy?
A
ability to bounce back from setbacks
10
Q
what is weak self efficacy?
A
focusing on personal failures and negative outcomes
11
Q
what is locus of control?
A
refers to extent to which people think they have control over their life
12
Q
what are the 5 stages of Freud’s psychosexual development?
A
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital
13
Q
what is fixation, in the context of Freud’s developmental theory?
A
getting stuck at a certain stage of development
14
Q
What are the age ranges for the stages of Freud’s development model?
A
Oral: 0-1, Anal: 1-3, Phallic: 3-6, Latent:6-12, Genital: 12+
15
Q
what is the oral stage?
A
baby focused on interacting with world through mouth, fixation leads to smoking, nailbiting, eating too much
16
Q
what is the anal stage?
A
baby focues on deveoping self efficacy for pooping/peeing. fixation leads to messiness/disorganization in adult life
17
Q
what is the phallic stage?
A
baby starts to see opposite sex parent as rival for attention. Oedipus/Electra complex. fixation leads to sexual dysfunction in adulthood
18
Q
what is the latent stage
A
nothing much really happening, libido focused on developing communication skills. fixation doesn’t lead to much of anything
19
Q
what is the genital stage?
A
individual develops sexual maturity
20
Q
what are the 8 stages of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
A
trust v. mistrust, autonomy v. doubt, initiative v. guilt, industry v. inferiority, identity v. role confusion, intimacy v. isolaton, generativity v. stagnation, integrity v. despair
21
Q
what is the age range and virtue for the trust v. mistrust stage
A
0-1, HOPE, failing to acquire it leads to suspicion/mistrut
22
Q
what is the age range and virtue for the autonomy v. doubt stage
A
1-3, children develop independence by walking away from parent, virtue achieved is will. negative outcome is feeling of inadequacy and lacking self esteem
23
Q
what is the age range and virtue for the initiative v. guilt stage?
A
3-6, reach sense of purpose, negative outcome is guilt (becomes follower)
24
Q
what is the age range and virtue for the industry v. inferiority stage?
A
6-12, greater significance/self esteem
25
what is the age range and virtue for the identity v. role confusion stage
12-20, virtue is fidelity, negative outcome is rebellion
26
what is the age range and virtue for the generativity v. stagnation stage
adults feel like they giving back, develop sense of care for others
27
what is the age range and virtue for the integrity v despair stage
65+ virtue is wisdom, contemplating on life
28
what are the 4 elementary functions that babies have as proposed by Vygotsky?
attention, sensation, perception, memory
29
what is the more knowledgable other?
part of Vygotsky's theory. is the person who who knows more than the learner and assists in their development
30
what is the zone of proximal development?
link between can and can't do, should be target for teaching.
31
what is Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
3 stages, looks at how people develop their moral standards
32
what are the 3 stages of Kohlberg's moral development theory?
pre-conventional, conventional, post conventional
33
what is the preconventional stage divided into?
obedience v. punishment and individualism vs self interest
34
what is the conventional stage divided into?
societal norms/acceptance and law and order
35
what is the post conventional stage divided into?
social contract and universal ethical principle
36
what is a reference group?
the group to which a person compares themselves
37
what did charles cooley think about social development?
everyone you interact with influences you
38
what did Mead think about development?
developed idea of social behaviorism, as we grow up our belief on how we are perceived by others predominates in 3 stages
39
what are mead's 3 stages?
prepatory(interaction through imitation), play stage (pretend play), game stage (understand society as a whole
40
what is the I and me?
me is what what we learn through interactions with others, I is response of individual
41
what is the actual self?
balance between I and me
42
what is the looking glass self?
person's sense of self develops through perceptions of how others perceive us
43
what is an internal attribution?
attributing something to someone's internal factors
44
what is an external attribution?
attributing something to the person's environment
45
what is are the 3 elements of the covariation model?
consistency, distinctiveness, consensus
46
when there is a high degree of consistency
more likely to attribute to internal factorsEx: this one guy is always late
47
when there is a high degree of distinctiveness
more likely to attribute to external/environmental factorsEx: guy is late because of huge car crash
48
when there is high degree of consensus
more likely to attribute to external factorsEx: whole group of people late to a meeting
49
what is the actor-observer bias?
attribute one's own actions to external causes, while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes
50
what are characteristics of individualistic cultures?
attribute success to internal factors but failure to external factors
51
what are characteristics of collectivist cultures?
attribute success to external factors but failure to internal factors
52
what is the optimism bias?
belief that bad things happen to other people but not us
53
what is stereotyping?
attributing a certain though/cognition to a group of people (overgeneralizing). this is a cognitive aspect
54
what is stereotype threat?
decrease in performance when presented with a negative stereotype
55
what is a self fulfilling prophecy?
stereotypes lead to behaviors that affirm original stereotype. repeated exposure to a stereotype causes members of stereotyped group to conform to the stereotype
56
what is prejudice
affective/FEELING associated with a stereotype.
57
what is the frustration aggression hypothesis?
frustration at a situation leads to aggression towards something and results in prejudice
58
what is the hypothesis of relative deprivation?
people become more prejudiced/discriminatory when they are lacking some resource
59
what is ethnicity?
socially defined by national origin/distinct cultural patterns
60
what is a stigma?
extreme disapproval of a person based a behavior or quality of that person
61
how does the media affect stigmas?
portraying things negatively to a mass audience
62
what is the primacy bias?
first impressions are long, strong, and easily built upon
63
what is the recency bias
more importance placed on your recent actions
64
what is the halo effect?
tendency for people to be perceieved as inherently good or bad
65
what are rational techniques to use when the just world hypothesis is challenged?
accept reality, prevent/correct injustice
66
what are irrational techniques to use when the just world hypothesis is challenged?
deny the situation or reinterpret events
67
what does it mean to be ethnocentric
to judge someone else's culture from your own culture's viewpoint
68
what is cultural relativism?
judging a culture using its own standards instead of your own
69
what is xenocentrism?
judging another's culture to be superior to your own
70
what is cultural imperialism?
imposing ones culture on others deliberately
71
what happens during in group favoritism?
positive rxn to our in group but neutral reaction to out group
72
what happens during out group derogation?
positive rxn to our in group but negative rxn to out group
73
what is the most powerful predictor of relationships/friendships forming?
geographical proximity
74
what is the mere exposure effect?
repeated exposure to something improves our opinion of it
75
what is sexual dimorphism?
high degree of male/female sexual traits
76
how would a person rate a girl after walking over a high narrow bridge?
very high because of sympathetic nervous system arousal
77
you are more likely to trust/work with/date/marry someone who looks ___ to you
similar
78
what is similarity bias?
when you only befriend people who look like you
79
what is projection bias?
when you assume others share the same beliefs as you
80
what is a false consensus?
we assume everyone agrees with us even if they really dont
81
what was the conclusion of the harlow monkey experiment?
babies prefer comfort to food/nourishment
82
what was observed for securely attached children?
able to explore in a room with a stranger without much issue and was soothed/returned to mother
83
what was observed for insecurely attached children?
were not soothed by return of mother, exhibited some distance from parent
84
what is the difference between authoritarian and authoritave parenting?
Hitler vs disciplined father
85
which part of the brain is responsible for impulse control, and by extension: aggresion?
frontal lobe
86
what is the frustration-aggression principle?
frustration-->aggression-->violenceEx: more crime on hot days
87
what is altruism?
care about welfare of others/doing something for good of community
88
what is reciprocral altruism?
doing something altruistic with expectation of reward, now or later
89
what is cost signalling?
signalling that you have resources to give
90
what is social status?
a person's social position in society
91
what is ascribed status?
status that you are born withEx: being born into royalty
92
what is achieved status?
status that you earnEx: olympic athlete
93
what is master status?
a status that supercedes all other statusesEx: mother thinking of herself more as a mother than a daughter
94
what is role strain?
tension WITHIN one status
95
what is role conflict?
tension BETWEEN statuses
96
what is role exit?
when you stop engaging in a previous role to start engaging in a new one
97
what is a primary group?
group that is closest to you
98
what is a secondary group?
formal/impersonal and business like relationship.
99
what is dramaturgy?
describes how people behave in social situation, front stage and back stage self
100
what is front stage self
how you act in public or around other people,
101
what is back stage self
when you act like yourself and do things that make you feel comfortable
102
what is impression management?
attempt to control how others see us
103
what is discrimination?
harmful ACTIONS against a minority
104
what is individual discrimination?
one person taking action against another
105
what is institutional discrimination?
instituion (government/bank/school) taking action against a minority
106
what is side effect discrimination?
how one organization can affect another negatively
107
what is past-in-present discrimination?
something from the past, that may be illegal now, still affects individual todayEx: untouchable caste in india
108
what is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
discrimination=ACTION, prejudice is just an attitude/feeling
109
what is an organization?
institution designed for a specific purpose or goal.
110
what is a utilitarian organization?
members are paid/rewarded for their work and efforts
111
what is a normative organization?
when members come together through a shared goalEx: MADD
112
what is a coercive organization?
don't have a choice about being a memberEx: prison or military
113
what ia Bureaucratization?
process by which an organization becomes increasingly regulated by rules/laws/policy
114
what is the iron rule of oligarchy?
describes how even the most democratic organizations become more bureaucratic over time until a select few govern it
115
what is McDonaldization?
describes how fast food principles of effeciency, uniformity, control have come to dominate other aspects of life like movie theaters
116
what are the characteristics of an ideal Bureaucracy?
division of labor, hierarchy, written rules/regulations, impersonality(equal treatment), employment based on technical qualifications
117
what is foraging?
animal searching for food. has to balance energy spent with energy gained. can be solitary or group
118
what is autocommunication?
animal talks to itselfEx: bat using sonar
119
what are some functions of animal communication?
mating, defend territory, warn others about predators
120
what is anthropomorphism?
attributing human traits to non human things
121
what are phermones
things used by animals to communicate
122
what is random mating?
all individuals equally likely to mate with each other
123
what is assortative mating?
one genotype/phenotype reproduces at a higher rate
124
what is dissortative mating?
individuals with different phenotype more likely to mate
125
what is inclusive fitness?
of offsprings organism has and how it supports them
126
what does evolutionary game theory state?
organism that is most fit will survive and reproduce
127
what is the difference between a stereotype and prejudice?
stereotype is a specific assumption while a prejudice is a general attitude
128
stranger anxiety tends to emerge around what age?
8-11 month
129
what is a dependent stressor?
one that the person influences
130
the "me" is basically
not doing a dick move, doing what society expects you to
131
what are the components of social identity?
self identity, collective identity
132
BF skinner is associated with
operant conditioning
133
mary ainsworth studied
infant attachment
134
the dispositional theory of behavior is more closely related to
psychoanalysts
135
what is the social contract stage of kohlberg's moral development?
views laws as malleable to promote social welfare
