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Premed95 > Chem1 - Gen Chem > Flashcards

Chem1 - Gen Chem Flashcards

1
Q

cation has a _ charge

A

positive

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2
Q

anion has a _ charge

A

negative

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3
Q

what is a salt?

A

a cation+ anion

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4
Q

periodic table group 1

A

alkali metals

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5
Q

periodic table group 2

A

alkaline earth metals

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6
Q

periodic table group 16

A

oxygen group

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7
Q

periodic table group 17

A

halogens

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8
Q

periodic table group 18

A

noble gases

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9
Q

metals tend to __ electrons

A

lose

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10
Q

qualities of metals?

A

luster, ductility, malleabilty, conductivity

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11
Q

nonmetals tend to __ electron

A

gain

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12
Q

which groups are the transition metals?

A

3-12(the middle shit)

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13
Q

what do alkali metals (group 1) easily form?

A

+1 cations

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14
Q

what do alkaline earth metals form?

A

+2 cations

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15
Q

noble gases are inert, T/F?

A

True

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16
Q

atomic radius ____ DOWN and LEFT on the periodic table

A

INCREASES

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17
Q

ionization energy, electron affinity, and electrongative ____ UP and RIGHT on the periodic table

A

INCREASE

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18
Q

what is ionization energy?

A

energy needed to detach electrons from the atom(1st, 2nd, 3rd form +1 +2 and +3 cation respectively)

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19
Q

what is electronegativity?

A

tendency to attractelectrons

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20
Q

what is electron affinity?

A

willingness to accept new electrons

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21
Q

what is principal quantum number?

A

shell level of electron

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22
Q

what is azimuthal quantum number?

A

subshell and subshell SHAPE0=s, 1=p, 2=d, 3=f

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23
Q

what is the heisenburg uncertainty principle?

A

cannot know exact momentum or position of electron

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24
Q

s-orbital

A

groups 1-2, spherical

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25
Q

p orbital?

A

dumbbell shaped, groups 13-18

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26
Q

d orbital in which groups?

A

3-12(middle shit)

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27
Q

f subshell in which groups?

A

the bottom 2 row things

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28
Q

electron configuration

A

list shells and subshells from lowest to highest energy levelEx: Na= 1s22s22p63s1
Na+=1s22s23p6

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29
Q

what is hund’s rule?

A

electrons will not share orbitals until all other orbitals are filled

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30
Q

what is the photoelectric effect?

A

electrons ejected by shining light on a metal. increasing FREQUENCY of photons is what increases intensity

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31
Q

differences in electronegativity give a bond __

A

partial ionic character

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32
Q

if YUGE difference in electronegativity

A

forms ionic bond

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33
Q

what is a dipole moment?

A

when a center of positive charge is displaced from center of negative chargeLondon dispersion/van der waals: weakest dipoles

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34
Q

mega(M)

A

106

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35
Q

kilo

A

103

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36
Q

deci

A

10-1

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37
Q

centi

A

10-2

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38
Q

milli

A

10-3

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39
Q

micro

A

10-6

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40
Q

nano

A

10-9

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41
Q

pico

A

10-12

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42
Q

thermodynamic product?

A

more stable, higher energy required, slower, favored by high temp

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43
Q

kinetic product

A

less stable, less energy required, faster, favored by low temp

44
Q

what is the arrhenius equation?

A

relates collision frequency with spatial orientation & fraction of collisions with sufficient relative energy to give a rate constant

45
Q

what is the limiting reactant?

A

the thing that is completely used up when the reaction runs to completion

46
Q

what are the units for reaction rate?

A

Ms-1 or molL-1s-1

47
Q

how do you determine the rate law given experimental data?

A

find 2 trials where only 1 reactant changes concentration, see what happens to the measured rate. if the rate doubles or halves, its first order, if it quadruples, its second order. etc etc.

48
Q

what is half life?

A

time it takes for 1/2 of substance to decay. results in exponential decay and a semi-log plot.

49
Q

what is alpha decay?

A

loss of alpha particle/helium nucleuschanges mass number, and loses 2 protons.

50
Q

what is beta decay?

A

Beta minus: atomic # increasesejects electron
Beta plus:atomic # decrease
emits positron(positron emission)

mass # remains same for both

51
Q

what is electron capture?

A

captures electron, creates neutron by combining it with a proton

52
Q

what is gamma decay?

A

emission of a massless gamma particle

53
Q

lower Rf factor means it is ___ polar because the plate itself is ___

A

more, polar

54
Q

what does it mean to be paramagnetic?

A

basically, if it has unpaired electrons it is paramagnetic. odd # of electrons means its always paramagnetic

55
Q

at room temperature all ionic compounds exist as ___

A

solids

56
Q

Zeff increases __ the periodic table

A

down

57
Q

higher Ksp means it is (more/less) soluble

A

more

58
Q

what is a colloidal mixture?

A

microscopic suspension of particles. stuff does not dissolve completely. (ex: milk)

59
Q

NMR only provides information about ____ H atoms in a molecule

A

NONEQUIVALENT

60
Q

what is the unit for a first order reaction?

A

reciprocal seconds (s-1)

61
Q

an increase in oxidation number means the compound was

A

oxidized

62
Q

a decrease in oxidation number means the compound was

A

reduced

63
Q

what is ionization constant?

A

extent to which something dissociates in water.

64
Q

Ksp describes what?

A

amount of a compound that will dissolve in water

65
Q

what will happen if Ksp is exceeded?

A

ppt will form

66
Q

alkali metals have an oxidation number of

A

1

67
Q

how many electrons does a radical have?

A

an odd number

68
Q

what is a coordination complex?

A

covalently bonded complexes between nonmetal ligands and a transition metal ion

69
Q

what is a bohr atom?

A

one that only has one electron

70
Q

what does a lewis base do?

A

donates electrons

71
Q

.33e15when moving decimal to right, what happens to exponent?

A

DECREASES

72
Q

what is 10^-2?

A

equivalent to 1/10^2

73
Q

what is effective nuclear charge?

A

charge felt by the outermost electrons in the outermost shell FROM the strength of the protons (so, more protons=more charge)

74
Q

what is a divalent ion?

A

2

75
Q

when all ions have the same # of electrons, the atomic size depends on

A

effective nuclear charge (more protons=smaller radius)

76
Q

what kinds of bonds are ionic and covalent?

A

INTRAmolecular (between atoms in a molecule)

77
Q

what does it mean to be dibasic/tribasic?

A

can acccept 2 or 3 protons

78
Q

what is the solubility of oxides in water?

A

insoluble, except for those with group 1 cations

79
Q

what is the solubility of group 1 cations?

A

all water soluble

80
Q

london dispersion forces rely mostly on

A

molecular mass

81
Q

in gas liquid chromatography, which will have the highest retention rate?

A

whichever has the highest boiling point

82
Q

if an equation releases 45j/mol of energy, what is the enthalpy change?

A

-45j/mol

83
Q

when a transition metal is ionized, where are the electrons removed from?

A

the highest energy subshell

84
Q

if there is a lone pair of electrons in an sp3 hybridized molecule, what is the geometry?

A

trigonal PYRAMIDAL

85
Q

positron emission is favored when

A

there are more protons than neutrons

86
Q

what is nitrogens preferred oxidation state?

A

-3

87
Q

what is the equation specific heat

A

heat capacity/mass

88
Q

what is a heterogeneous catalyst?

A

one that has different phase than the thing it catalyzes

89
Q

if pKa less than current pH

A

it will be deprotonated

90
Q

why is the sodium ion smaller than potassium or chloride?

A

its highest subshell is 4s, which is lower than the other two (4p, 5s)

91
Q

what charged particle is emitted during beta- decay?

A

an electron

92
Q

how do you calculate Rf factor?

A

distance traveled by thing/ solvent distance

93
Q

how do enzymes lower the Ea?

A

stabilizing transition state

94
Q

tera

A

10^12

95
Q

what is the orbital configuration for octahedral compounds?

A

d2sp3

96
Q

what is the entropy sign for the formation of a gaseous product?

A

POSITIVE

97
Q

ft*lb/s=

A

J/s=Watts(W)

98
Q

a compound with a high reduction potential is likely to be a good

A

oxidizer

99
Q

the only way to change the value of Ksp is to change

A

the temperature

100
Q

which layer would an amide be found in?

A

ether layer

101
Q

what is silica gel and its significance in chromatography?

A

silica gel is a polar stationary phase, so more polar compounds will elute slower and have lower Rf

102
Q

reduction always takes place at the

A

cathode

103
Q

a large equilibrium constant means what about deltaG?

A

it is very negative (spontaneous)

104
Q

an interaction between a metal cation and an electron pair donor is considered a:

A

coordinate covalent interaction

105
Q

how much of a sample would remain after 2 half lives?

A

25%

106
Q

what is the rate constant for a unimolecular mechanism

A

s-1

Premed95 (20 decks)

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