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Premed95 > 6A - Sensing the Environment > Flashcards

6A - Sensing the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

what cues are taken into account when perceptually organizing?

A

depth, form, motion, constancy

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2
Q

what do binocular cues provide?

A

depth perception(due to retinal disparity)

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3
Q

what is convergence?

A

gives depth perception based on how much eyes are turned inward

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4
Q

what do monocular cues provide?

A

relative size, interpositon, relative height, shading/countour, motion (through motion parallax), constancy

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5
Q

how does your inner ear adapt to loud noises?

A

muscle contracts TM to prevent damage

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6
Q

what is proprioception?

A

sense of “self in space”

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7
Q

what is just noticeable difference?

A

threshold at which you can notice a change in sensation

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8
Q

weber’s law?

A

the ratio of background intensity to incremental intensity is constantΔI = Ik

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9
Q

what is absolute threshold of sensation?

A

minimum intensity of stimulus needed to correctly detect it 50% of the time

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10
Q

what is a subliminal stimulus?

A

stimulus that is just below our absolute threshold of sensation

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11
Q

thermoception

A

temperature

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12
Q

mechanoception

A

pressure

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13
Q

nociception

A

pain

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14
Q

proprioception

A

position

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15
Q

non adapting neuron

A

neuron fires at constant rate

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16
Q

slow adapting neuron

A

neuron fires rapidly at first then tapers off

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17
Q

fast adapting neuron

A

fires as soon as stimulus starts, stops, then starts up again once stimulus stops

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18
Q

what portion of the inner ear helps determine strength of rotation/movement of head?

A

endolymph inside semicircular canals

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19
Q

otolithic organs?

A

utricle and sacculecalcium carbonate crystals that drag hair cells with the help of gravity to determine position

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20
Q

what is signal detection theory?

A

discerning between important and unimportant stimuli.can have hit, miss, false alarm, or correct rejection

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21
Q

what is d’ (d prime, signal detection theory)?

A

strength of a signal

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22
Q

what is c (signal detection theory?)

A

strategy used

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23
Q

what is the liberal strategy (signal detection theory?)

A

always saying yes, youll get all the hits but might get false alarms

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24
Q

what is the conservative strategy? (signal detection theory)

A

always say no unless 100% sure, will correctly get all false rejections but might get some misses

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25
Q

what is bottom-up processing?

A

stimulus affects our perception, data driven

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26
Q

what is top-down processing?

A

uses background knowledge to influence perceptions (cube illusion). theory driven

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27
Q

what is gestalt’s law of similarity?

A

items similar to one another grouped together

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28
Q

what is gestalt’s law of pragnanz

A

reality reduced to simplest form possible (think, olympic rings). instead of seeing 5 rings you see olympic logo

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29
Q

what is gestalt’s law of proximity?

A

items that are close together are grouped together

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30
Q

what is gestalt’s law of continuity?

A

lines are seen as following smoothest possible paath

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31
Q

what is gestalt’s law of closure?

A

objects grouped together are seen as whole (filling in a triangle where there is none, pacman shit)

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32
Q

what is gestalt’s law of symmetry?

A

you perceive symmetry in objects and forming aorund a central point

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33
Q

what is the conjunctiva?

A

thin layer of cells covering cornea

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34
Q

what is the cornea and its fxn?

A

covers over pupil, serves to bend light slightly.compose of thick connective tissue

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35
Q

where is the anterior chamber of the eye?

A

in front of the pupil.

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36
Q

what is the aqeous humor?

A

composes the anterior chamber, provides support, in front of pupil

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37
Q

what is the pupil?

A

opening in middle of iris. opens and closes due to iris contraction.

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38
Q

what is the iris?

A

the muscle that contracts to change the shape of the eye. is colored

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39
Q

what is the lens of the eye?

A

located behind pupil, bends light towards fovea. changes shape based on suspentory ligaments

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40
Q

what is the ciliary body?

A

suspensory ligaments+ciliary muscle

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41
Q

what is the posterior chamber?

A

area between iris and lens, filled with aqueous humor

42
Q

what is the vitreous chamber?

A

filled with vitreous humor, jelly like substance, gives pressure to eye

43
Q

what is the retina?

A

covers back of eye, contains many of the necessary photoreceptors

44
Q

what is the macula?

A

area of retina with high cone density

45
Q

what is the fovea?

A

special part of macula that has ONLY cones

46
Q

what do cones do?

A

detect color, high detailed shit

47
Q

what do rods do

A

detect light, not as fine detail

48
Q

what is the choroid?

A

black pigmented network of blood vessels used to nourish the eye

49
Q

what is the sclera?

A

thick fibrous tissue covering posterior 5/6 of eye. (1/6 covered by cornea)

50
Q

what happens when light hits a rod?

A

rod turned OFF–>bipolar cell turned ON–>retinal ganglion cell turned ON–>goes to brain

51
Q

what happens to retinal when struck by light?

A

converts from cis-retinal to all trans retinal

52
Q

what are the basic steps of the phototransduction cascade?

A

light hits retinal–>retinal changes conformation to trans–>rhodopsin protein changes conformation–>transducin released–>transducin binds and inactivates phosphodiesterase–>lower levels of cGMP–>Na+ channels close–>rod turns OFF

53
Q

what are optic discs?

A

located inside rods/cones. contain proteins that fire APs to brain

54
Q

are there more rods or more cones?

A

more rods

55
Q

rods are specialized for perceiving?

A

light vs dark, black vs white, very sensitive to light vision

56
Q

rods have a very ___ recovery time compared to cones,

A

slow. which is why takes time to adjust to a dark room

57
Q

cones are found primarily in the

A

fovea

58
Q

there is a blind spot in the eye where

A

the optic nerve connects

59
Q

why is there higher resolution at the fovea?

A

no axons in the way of light entering

60
Q

the right visual field goes to the __ side of the brain

A

left

61
Q

light from the left visual field will strike..

A

the right temporal and left nasal retinas

62
Q

light from the right visual field will strike the

A

left temporal and right nasal retina

63
Q

nerves from the nasal retinas cross over at the

A

optic chiasm

64
Q

what are the 3 elements of feature detection?

A

color, form, motion

65
Q

what is the parvo(cellular) pathway?

A

good at detecting spatial region (boundaries,shapes, etc)

66
Q

what is the magno(cellular) pathway?

A

good at detecting motion

67
Q

what is audition?

A

our sense of sound

68
Q

what are the 2 things needed to perceive sound?

A

pressurized sound wave and hair cells in ear

69
Q

higher or lower wavelength penetrated deeper into cochlea?

A

higher wavelength, smaller frequency, travels further

70
Q

what is the outer(visible) part of the ear known as?

A

pinna

71
Q

what are the 3 bones in the inner ear?

A

malleus, incus, stapes(hammer, anvil, stirrup). AKA ossicles

72
Q

the stapes is attached to the ____

A

oval window, pushes in when vibrating

73
Q

what is the function of the round window?

A

bulges out when fluid pushes against it

74
Q

what is the organ of corti?

A

basilar membrane/tectonic membrane.

75
Q

what portions of the ear are the outer ear?

A

from pinna –> TM

76
Q

what portions of the ear are the middle ear?

A

where the ossicles are

77
Q

what portions of the ear are the inner ear?

A

the cochlea/semicircular canals

78
Q

the fluid pushes on what part of the hair cell?

A

the hair bundle, composed of kinocilia

79
Q

what causes the action potiential to be sent down the auditory nerve?

A

kinocilia move, connected to tip link, tip link movement allows K+ flow, leading to AP sent to spiral ganglion cell

80
Q

what frequencies can humans hear?

A

20Hz to 20kH

81
Q

what is basilar tuning?

A

how brain differentiates between different frequencies. hair cells at base of cochlea activated by high freq and apex of chochlea are activated by low freq (think, low freq means high wavelength so it travels faster)

82
Q

what is sensory adaptation?

A

receptor changing over time due to stimulus. can downregulate or upregulate (think hand on table, no change in pressure so receptor will stop firing until it changes again)

83
Q

what is the somatosensory homunculus?

A

map of body in brain, specific region of body has specific region in cortex

84
Q

what is found in muscles that give us information about how they are stretched?

A

spindle fibers

85
Q

what is kinaesthesia and how is it different from proprioception?

A

kinaesthesia is more behavioral while proprioception is more subconcious. more related to movement than sense of position in spaceEx. teaching yourself how to hit a ball

86
Q

what is the the TrpV1 receptor?

A

receptor that causes signaling for both heat and pain.

87
Q

what are alpha-beta fibers

A

thick, lots of myelin. supah fast nerve conduction

88
Q

what are alpha-delta fibers

A

smaller than alpha-beta, less myelin

89
Q

what are c fibers

A

small, unmyelinated

90
Q

what is the collection of nerves, sitting above the cribiform plate, that allows olfaction?

A

olfactury bulb, projected down into olfactory epilthelium with receptors

91
Q

what are the 5 main tastes?

A

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami(glutamate)

92
Q

what is the labelled line model of gustatation?

A

each taste bud has 5 different axons that syanpse at 5 different cortical locations

93
Q

sour and salty molecules rely on __ channels

A

ion

94
Q

bitter, sweet, and umami rely on ___ receptors

A

GPCR

95
Q

what is the corpus callosum and what is it made of?

A

connection between 2 hemispheres. made of MOSTLY white matter

96
Q

what conveys info the auditory cortex?

A

medial geniculate nucleus

97
Q

what conveys info the visual cortex?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

98
Q

what is the proximal stimulus?

A

stimulus registered by sensory receptors

99
Q

what is psychophysical testing?

A

assesing our perception of stimuli in relation to true physical properties (example: those illusion testing things online)

100
Q

is feature detection top down or bottom up

A

bottom up

101
Q

what is place theory?

A

different pitches of sound trigger different places of the cochlear membrane

Premed95 (20 decks)

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