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Premed95 > 6A - Sensing the Environment > Flashcards

6A - Sensing the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

what cues are taken into account when perceptually organizing?

A

depth, form, motion, constancy

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2
Q

what do binocular cues provide?

A

depth perception(due to retinal disparity)

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3
Q

what is convergence?

A

gives depth perception based on how much eyes are turned inward

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4
Q

what do monocular cues provide?

A

relative size, interpositon, relative height, shading/countour, motion (through motion parallax), constancy

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5
Q

how does your inner ear adapt to loud noises?

A

muscle contracts TM to prevent damage

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6
Q

what is proprioception?

A

sense of “self in space”

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7
Q

what is just noticeable difference?

A

threshold at which you can notice a change in sensation

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8
Q

weber’s law?

A

the ratio of background intensity to incremental intensity is constantΔI = Ik

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9
Q

what is absolute threshold of sensation?

A

minimum intensity of stimulus needed to correctly detect it 50% of the time

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10
Q

what is a subliminal stimulus?

A

stimulus that is just below our absolute threshold of sensation

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11
Q

thermoception

A

temperature

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12
Q

mechanoception

A

pressure

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13
Q

nociception

A

pain

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14
Q

proprioception

A

position

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15
Q

non adapting neuron

A

neuron fires at constant rate

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16
Q

slow adapting neuron

A

neuron fires rapidly at first then tapers off

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17
Q

fast adapting neuron

A

fires as soon as stimulus starts, stops, then starts up again once stimulus stops

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18
Q

what portion of the inner ear helps determine strength of rotation/movement of head?

A

endolymph inside semicircular canals

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19
Q

otolithic organs?

A

utricle and sacculecalcium carbonate crystals that drag hair cells with the help of gravity to determine position

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20
Q

what is signal detection theory?

A

discerning between important and unimportant stimuli.can have hit, miss, false alarm, or correct rejection

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21
Q

what is d’ (d prime, signal detection theory)?

A

strength of a signal

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22
Q

what is c (signal detection theory?)

A

strategy used

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23
Q

what is the liberal strategy (signal detection theory?)

A

always saying yes, youll get all the hits but might get false alarms

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24
Q

what is the conservative strategy? (signal detection theory)

A

always say no unless 100% sure, will correctly get all false rejections but might get some misses

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25
what is bottom-up processing?
stimulus affects our perception, data driven
26
what is top-down processing?
uses background knowledge to influence perceptions (cube illusion). theory driven 
27
what is gestalt's law of similarity?
items similar to one another grouped together
28
what is gestalt's law of pragnanz
reality reduced to simplest form possible (think, olympic rings). instead of seeing 5 rings you see olympic logo
29
what is gestalt's law of proximity?
items that are close together are grouped together
30
what is gestalt's law of continuity?
lines are seen as following smoothest possible paath
31
what is gestalt's law of closure?
objects grouped together are seen as whole (filling in a triangle where there is none, pacman shit)
32
what is gestalt's law of symmetry?
you perceive symmetry in objects and forming aorund a central point
33
what is the conjunctiva?
thin layer of cells covering cornea
34
what is the cornea and its fxn?
covers over pupil, serves to bend light slightly.compose of thick connective tissue
35
where is the anterior chamber of the eye?
in front of the pupil. 
36
what is the aqeous humor?
composes the anterior chamber, provides support, in front of pupil
37
what is the pupil?
opening in middle of iris. opens and closes due to iris contraction. 
38
what is the iris?
the muscle that contracts to change the shape of the eye. is colored
39
what is the lens of the eye?
located behind pupil, bends light towards fovea. changes shape based on suspentory ligaments
40
what is the ciliary body?
suspensory ligaments+ciliary muscle
41
what is the posterior chamber?
area between iris and lens, filled with aqueous humor
42
what is the vitreous chamber?
filled with vitreous humor, jelly like substance, gives pressure to eye
43
what is the retina?
covers back of eye, contains many of the necessary photoreceptors
44
what is the macula?
area of retina with high cone density
45
what is the fovea?
special part of macula that has ONLY cones
46
what do cones do?
detect color, high detailed shit
47
what do rods do
detect light, not as fine detail
48
what is the choroid?
black pigmented network of blood vessels used to nourish the eye
49
what is the sclera?
thick fibrous tissue covering posterior 5/6 of eye. (1/6 covered by cornea)
50
what happens when light hits a rod?
rod turned OFF-->bipolar cell turned ON-->retinal ganglion cell turned ON-->goes to brain
51
what happens to retinal when struck by light?
converts from cis-retinal to all trans retinal
52
what are the basic steps of the phototransduction cascade?
light hits retinal-->retinal changes conformation to trans-->rhodopsin protein changes conformation-->transducin released-->transducin binds and inactivates phosphodiesterase-->lower levels of cGMP-->Na+ channels close-->rod turns OFF
53
what are optic discs?
located inside rods/cones. contain proteins that fire APs to brain
54
are there more rods or more cones?
more rods
55
rods are specialized for perceiving?
light vs dark, black vs white, very sensitive to light vision
56
rods have a very ___ recovery time compared to cones,
slow. which is why takes time to adjust to a dark room
57
cones are found primarily in the 
fovea
58
there is a blind spot in the eye where
the optic nerve connects
59
why is there higher resolution at the fovea?
no axons in the way of light entering
60
the right visual field goes to the __ side of the brain
left
61
light from the left visual field will strike..
the right temporal and left nasal retinas
62
light from the right visual field will strike the
left temporal and right nasal retina
63
nerves from the nasal retinas cross over at the
optic chiasm
64
what are the 3 elements of feature detection?
color, form, motion
65
what is the parvo(cellular) pathway?
good at detecting spatial region (boundaries,shapes, etc)
66
what is the magno(cellular) pathway?
good at detecting motion
67
what is audition?
our sense of sound
68
what are the 2 things needed to perceive sound?
pressurized sound wave and hair cells in ear
69
higher or lower wavelength penetrated deeper into cochlea?
higher wavelength, smaller frequency, travels further
70
what is the outer(visible) part of the ear known as?
pinna
71
what are the 3 bones in the inner ear?
malleus, incus, stapes(hammer, anvil, stirrup). AKA ossicles
72
the stapes is attached to the ____
oval window, pushes in when vibrating
73
what is the function of the round window?
bulges out when fluid pushes against it
74
what is the organ of corti?
basilar membrane/tectonic membrane. 
75
what portions of the ear are the outer ear?
from pinna --> TM
76
what portions of the ear are the middle ear?
where the ossicles are
77
what portions of the ear are the inner ear?
the cochlea/semicircular canals
78
the fluid pushes on what part of the hair cell?
the hair bundle, composed of kinocilia
79
what causes the action potiential to be sent down the auditory nerve?
kinocilia move, connected to tip link, tip link movement allows K+ flow, leading to AP sent to spiral ganglion cell
80
what frequencies can humans hear?
20Hz to 20kH
81
what is basilar tuning?
how brain differentiates between different frequencies. hair cells at base of cochlea activated by high freq and apex of chochlea are activated by low freq (think, low freq means high wavelength so it travels faster)
82
what is sensory adaptation?
receptor changing over time due to stimulus. can downregulate or upregulate (think hand on table, no change in pressure so receptor will stop firing until it changes again)
83
what is the somatosensory homunculus?
map of body in brain, specific region of body has specific region in cortex
84
what is found in muscles that give us information about how they are stretched?
spindle fibers
85
what is kinaesthesia and how is it different from proprioception?
kinaesthesia is more behavioral while proprioception is more subconcious. more related to movement than sense of position in spaceEx. teaching yourself how to hit a ball
86
what is the the TrpV1 receptor?
receptor that causes signaling for both heat and pain. 
87
what are alpha-beta fibers
thick, lots of myelin. supah fast nerve conduction
88
what are alpha-delta fibers
smaller than alpha-beta, less myelin
89
what are c fibers
small, unmyelinated
90
what is the collection of nerves, sitting above the cribiform plate, that allows olfaction?
olfactury bulb, projected down into olfactory epilthelium with receptors
91
what are the 5 main tastes?
sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami(glutamate)
92
what is the labelled line model of gustatation?
each taste bud has 5 different axons that syanpse at 5 different cortical locations
93
sour and salty molecules rely on __ channels
ion
94
bitter, sweet, and umami rely on ___ receptors
GPCR
95
what is the corpus callosum and what is it made of?
connection between 2 hemispheres. made of MOSTLY white matter
96
what conveys info the auditory cortex?
medial geniculate nucleus
97
what conveys info the visual cortex?
lateral geniculate nucleus
98
what is the proximal stimulus?
stimulus registered by sensory receptors
99
what is psychophysical testing?
assesing our perception of stimuli in relation to true physical properties (example: those illusion testing things online)
100
is feature detection top down or bottom up
bottom up
101
what is place theory?
different pitches of sound trigger different places of the cochlear membrane

Premed95 (20 decks)

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