7A - Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
the forebrain develops into
A
cerebrum
2
Q
the midbrain develops into
A
midbrain
3
Q
the hindbrain develops into
A
pons/medulla/cerebellum
4
Q
basic neural fxn includes
A
motor, sensory, automatic(reflexes)
5
Q
higher level neural fxn includes
A
cognition, consciousness, emotion
6
Q
what is a lower motor neuron(LMN?)
A
efferent PNS neuron that synapses on motor unit for skeletal muscle contraction to form a neuromuscular junction
7
Q
what is atrophy?
A
loss of muscle volume
8
Q
what is a fasciculation?
A
involuntary “twitch” of muscle
9
Q
what is hypotonia?
A
decrease in “tone” of muscle (baseline level of contraction)
10
Q
what is hyporeflexia?
A
decreased reflexive response to stimulation
11
Q
what are the components of the muscle stretch reflex?
A
afferent (stimulus), efferent (response).muscle stretch fiber responds and instructs muscle to contract
12
Q
neurons in the autonomic nervous systm control?
A
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, gland cells
13
Q
what is grey matter?
A
mostly neural soma
14
Q
what is white matter?
A
mostly myelinated axons
15
Q
where is grey matter located in the spinal cord?
A
inside. white is on outside
16
Q
where is grey matter located in the brain?
A
on the outside, white is on inside
17
Q
what do upper motor neurons do?
A
control lower motor neurons
18
Q
where are upper motor neurons located?
A
the cerebral cortex, synapse in spinal cord
19
Q
what is the corticospinal tract?
A
when UMN from cerebral cortex synapses in sinal cord
20
Q
what is the corticobulbar tract?
A
when UMN from cerebral cortex synapses in brainstem
21
Q
what are the upper motor neuron signs?
A
hyperreflexia, clonus (rhythmic contractions of muscles), hypertonia, positive babinski sign
22
Q
somatosensory tracts synapse on the (same side/opposite side) in the brain
A
opposite side
23
Q
what are the function of the bumps/grooves in the cerebral cortex?(gyri/sulci)
A
increase surface area
24
Q
what is the function of the frontal lobe?
A
contains prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, Broca’s area
25
what is the function of the parietal lobe?
somatosensory cortex, spacial manipulation
26
what is the function of the occipital lobe?
vision, AKA "striate" cortex
27
what is the function of the temporal cortex?
hearing, Wernicke's area
28
what is contralateral control?
left side of brain controls right side of body & vice versa
29
what is the brainstem composed of and what is its function?
medulla, pons, reticular function. basic functions like HR and RR. connects cerebellum to cerebral cortex and spinal cord
30
what is the function of the cerebellum?
fine motor control/voluntary movement. proprioception
31
what is the function of the pons?
regulates walking and relaxing
32
what is the function of the reticular formation?
motivation and alertness. filters info and sends important shit to the thalamus. sleep wake cycle/awareness(think: 'tickled')
33
what is the function of the medulla?
autonomic activity of heart and lungs
34
what controls the pituitary gland?
the hypothalamus
35
what is the function of glutamate?
excitatory neurotransmitter
36
what are GABA and glycine?
inhibitory neurotransmitters
37
what is acetylcholine?
neurotransmitter released in frontal lobe
38
where does histamine in the brain travel?
hypothalamus-->cortex
39
what is autocrine signaling?
cell signals itself
40
what is paracrine signaling?
cell signals nearby cell
41
what is the function of the thyroid?
regulation of metabolism
42
what is the function of the parathyroid?
regulation of calcium levels
43
the adrenal glands are stimulated by
ACTH(adreno cortico tropic hormone)
44
is the pancreas tied to the pituitary?
no
45
what stimulates the gonads?
FSH/LH
46
what is the acrosome?
portion of sperm containing enzymes to digest zona pellucida
47
what is the zona pellucida?
thick outer covering of human egg cell. penetrated by sperm acrosome
48
what are the basic steps of fertilization?
1) sperm binds2) acrosome reaction (digest zona pellucida)3) cortical reaciton (binding of 2 cell membranes, block to polyspermy)4) fertilization
49
what is a morula?
tight collection of 32 cells, beginning of differentiation
50
what is the defining feature of a blastocyst?
a blastocoel (cavity)
51
what is the result of gastrulation?
3 embyronic germ layers, ecto-, endo-, and meso-
52
what happens during neurulation?
notochord stimulates ectoderm to develop into neural tube
53
the GI tract, lungs, liver, and pancreas all develop from the
endoderm
54
cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, bone, kidney, bladder, gonads are derived from
mesoderm
55
the nervous system, skin, hair, etc are all derived from
ectoderm
56
fertilization occurs at week
2
57
fetal development is at __ weeks
10
58
full term is
37-42 weeks
59
gross motor skills involve __ muscles
larger
60
fine motor skills involve
smaller muscles
61
development tends to move from __ to __
head to toe
62
what are traits?
distinguishing qualities/characters. can be acquired or inherited
63
what is temperament?
innate, genetically influenced aspect of "personality"
64
what is a monozygotic twin?
from same egg(identical)
65
what is a dizygotic twin?
from different eggs. (fraternal)
66
fraternal twins share __% of their genetic code
50
67
what is an adoption study?
when an adopted child is compared to their biological family and adopted family
68
what would you expect to see if a Dz has a strong genetic component?
identical twins =/= fraternal twinsidentical twins raised together=twins raised apartadoptive children=biological family
69
what would you expect to see if a Dz has a strong environmental component?
identical twins=fraternal twinsidentical twins raised apart=/=twins raised togetheradopted child=adopted family and NOT biological family
70
what is heritablity?
the percentage of variation in traits due to genes.Ex: 4 boys raised in tightly controlled environments. Differences in IQ between each would be due to genetics only, and that value is heritabiliy
71
what is epigenetics?
changes in gene expression due to modification of DNA at the molecular level. this includes methylation, acetylation, etc.
72
the ____ interacts with genes to influence behavior
environment
73
what is the function of behavior?
to maintain homeostasis
74
what is an innate behavior?
genetically programed (reflex, fixed action pattern, etc)
75
what is learned behavior?
behavior learned from environment
76
what is complex behavior?
combination of innate and learned behavior
77
what is positive feedback?
increase product
78
what is negative feedback?
decrease in product
79
what is the evolutionary approach to motivation?
what is not learned, just instinctual
80
what is drive reduction theory?
need energizes our drive to do something into an aroused state, fulfilling that drive calms us down
81
what is optimum arousal theory?
people do things to reach a peak state of arousal
82
what is extrinsic motivation?
motivation by external factors or rewards
83
what is intrinsic motivation
motivation by internal factors/ desires
84
what are the basic needs in maslow's hierarchy of needs?
physiological (food, thirst)saftey (safe environment/home)
85
what is the third level of maslow's hierarchy of needs?
love(need for acceptance/intimacy)
86
what is the 4th level of maslow's hierarchy of needs?
self esteem (feeling self confident in your achievements and shit)
87
what is self actualization?
the final level of maslow's hierarchy of needs. its when you reach your full goddamn potential
88
what is incentive theory
basically describes motivation in terms of positive reinforcement. ppl will be more likely to do something if immediately given a reward (tangible or intangible)
89
what is the sexual response cycle?
phases during banging1) excitement/arousal2) flatline3) orgasm4)refractory period
90
what is an attitude?
a learned tendency to evaluate something in a certain way
91
what are the components of attitude
affective, behavioral, cognitive (ABCs)
92
what is the affective component of attitude
how we feel about something
93
what is the behavioral component of attitude?
how we act about or behave towards the thing
94
what is the cognitive aspect of attitude?
how we think about something
95
what is the theory of planned behavior?
we consider our intentions and the implications of our actions before actingIntentions are based on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control
96
what is the attitude to behavior process model?
an event triggers our attitude-->that attitude+our prior knowledge determines our behavior
97
what is the prototype willingness model?
behavior is a function of 6 things, prototyping/modeling is one of them
98
what is the elaboration likelihood model for persuasion?
central and peripheral route of processing.
99
what is the foot in the door techinque?
you are more likely to do something big when asked to do something smaller first
100
what is the relation between role playing and attitude?
playing a new role can shape an attitude
101
what is effort justification?
people more likely to give something greater value if they put a lot of effort into it
102
what is cognitive dissonance?
discomfort felt when we hold 2 or more conflicting ideals/cognitions
103
what are the 4 things we do to alleviate cognitive dissonance?
modify our cognitions, trivialize the importance of their cognition, add more cognitions, deny the facts(other cognitions)
104
what is the situational approach to behavior?
behavior is determined by the situations we are placed in
105
what is attribution?
inferring about the causes of events
106
what is the basic point of psychoanalytic theory and who is it associated with?
Freud. personality shaped by childhood experiences and UNCONSCIOUS THOUGHTS/DESIRES, feelings, and past memories
107
psychoanalytic theory states there are 2 instinctual drives pushing human behavior, what are they?
Libido and Death instict
108
what is libido?
natural enery source, fuels mild for motivation to surive, grow,have sex
109
what is the death instinct?
drives aggresive behaviors fueled by the unconscious wish to hurt yourself or others
110
what is projection?
projecting your own feelings onto someone else
111
what is regression?
when you start acting childish in problematic situations
112
what is sublimation?
a defense mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful
113
what are the 3 parts of the mind, as per Freud?
id, ego, superego
114
what is the Id?
at the "bottom of the iceberg", is the unconscious thing demanding immediate gratification.
115
what is the superego?
its our moral conscience, and is found as part of the conscious and unconscious mind
116
what is the ego?
part of unconscious and conscious. it mediates between the superego and the Id. seeks LONG TERM gratification
117
what is Freudian slip?
an example of mental conflictEx: Financially stressed patient says "please don't give me an bills" instead of pills because theyre stupid
118
what is the basic thrust of humanistic theory?
focuses on healthy personality development, humans are inherently good. self motivated to self actualize. emphasize free will.
119
who are the 2 people associated with Humanistic theory?
Abraham Maslow(hierarchy of needs) and Carl Rogers.
120
what did Carl Rogers theorize?
stated that the qualities described by Maslow were develoepd early in life in a growth promoting climate.
121
what are the required elements of a "growth promoting climate?"
growth nurtured when individual is "genuine"growth is nurtured through acceptance by others
122
what is the biological theory of personality?
important personality components are INHERITED by GENES
123
what does behaviorist theory state?
personality result of learned behavior patterns based on environment. deterministic, meaning people start as blank slates and get molded by the environment
124
what is trait theory?
personality traits describe overall personality and describe it as a pattern of behavior
125
what is a trait?
stable characteristic of a person that causes individuals to consistently behave certain ways
126
what did Gordon Allport theorize?
all of us have 3 categories of traits, cardinal, central, and secondary
127
what are cardinal traits?
characteristics that direct most of a person's activity
128
what are central traits?
less dominant than cardinal traits such as honesty or shyness
129
what are secondary traits?
preferences or attitudes Ex: liking art or not eating meat
130
what did Raymond Cattell propose?
we all have 16 essential personality traits
131
what did Hans Eysenck propose?
we all have ALL traits but express them to different degrees. also, 3 dimensions of personality psychotisim, extroversion, neuroticism
132
what is psychotisim?
the degree to which you distort reality
133
what is extroversion?
degree of sociability
134
what is neuroticism?
emotional stability (anxiety, tension)
135
what is the 5 factor model of trait theory?
states that there are 5 major categories of traits found in every person.OpennessConscientiousnessExtroversionAgreeablenessNeuroticismOCEAN
136
what is social cognitive theory?
theory of behavior change/learning that emphasizes relationship between people and their environment. "AM I Motivated?Requires Attention, Memory, Imitation, and Motivation"
137
what is the deal with Albert Bandura and the bobo doll experiment?
kids would abuse a defenseless blow up doll if they saw a video of it beforehand
138
what is learning performance distinction?
learning a behavior and performing it are 2 different things
139
what are pathological defense mechanisms?
ones that distort reality
140
what is the denial defense mechanism?
denying that the event ever happened
141
what are immature defense mechanisms?
projection and passive aggresion
142
what is passve aggression?
passively expressing your anger
143
what is Intellectualization?
taking intellectual aspects and detaching the emotional aspects of the situation?
144
what is Rationalization?
making yourself believe the bad thing was not your fault
145
what is Repression
unconsciously pushing negative thoughts away
146
what is displacement?
getting mad at an easier target
147
what are mature defense mechanisms?
humor, sublimation, suppression, altruism
148
what is Freud's pleasure principle?
as a child, you want immediate gratification
149
what is the reality principle?
when you are older/mature, have to sacrifice short term reward in favor of long term gratification
150
what is the Eros drive?
aka Life drive: health, safety, sex
151
what is the Thantos drive?
AKA death drive: self destructive/harmful drive
152
what is distress?
negative type of stress that builds over time and is bad for the body
153
what is eustress?
positive stress that motivates you
154
what is neustress?
neutral type of stress. doesnt affect you really (like news of natural disaster in another country)
155
what is the biomedical approach to psychological disorders?
considers ONLY biological factors
156
what is the biopsychosocial approach to disorders?
considers biological factors AND psych/sociological factors
157
what are neurodevelopmental disorders?
involve distress/disability due to abnormality during developmentEx: autism/retardation
158
what are neurocognitive disorders?
loss of cognitive brain function AFTER nervous system developingEx: alzheimers
159
what are sleep-wake disorders?
sleep related issuesEx: insomnia/sleep apnea
160
what are Anxiety disorders?
abnormal worry/fear.Ex: GAD, social anxiety
161
what are depressive disorders?
abnormally NEGATIVE mood. long term emotional state.Ex: major depressive disorder
162
what are the bipolar and related disorders?
periods of negative mood WITH periods of abnormally positive mood called ManiaEx: bipolar disorder
163
Schizophrenia spectrum and other Psychotic disorders
involves psychosis(delusions). can have hallucinations.
164
what are the trauma/stress related disorders
occurs after stressful/traumatic event.Ex: PTSD
165
what are the substance related and addictive disorders?
addiction to drugs or substancesEx: Crack addict
166
what are personality disorders?
long term mental/behavioral features characteristic of person that case distress
167
What are the disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders?
behaviors that are unacceptably disruptive or impulsive
168
What are obsessive compulsive disorders?
involuntary thoughts, compulsions Ex: OCD
169
what are somatic symptom disorders
psychosomatic issuesEx: fibromyalgia
170
what are feeding and eating disorders
food abnormalitiesEx: Anorexia nervosa
171
what are the elimination disorders?
peeing or pooping at bad times
172
what are dissociative disorders?
abnormalities of identiy or memory
173
what are sexual dysfunctions?
abnormal sexual performance
174
what is gender dysphoria?
person identifies as different gender
175
what are paraphilic disorders?
getting turned on by weird shit
176
schizophrenia results from a combination of
genetics and environment
177
what is the prodrome?
period of time before schizophrenia becomes symptomatic. "going downhill"
178
what are positive Sx of schizophrenia?
hallucinations, delusions
179
what are cognitive Sx of schizophrenia?
abnormalities of attention, organization, planning
180
what are negative Sx of Schizophrenia?
blunted emotions, loss of enjoyment, lack of emotional expression, lack of interest/enthusiasm, inability to carry a conversation
181
what are some physical abnormalities seen in schizophrenia pts?
smaller cerebral cortex, abnormal dopamine levels, affected mesocorticolimbic pathway
182
what brain structures show abnormal activity in major depressive disorder pts?
frontal lobes and limbic system
183
what is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
general state of tenseness and uneasyness greater than 6 months
184
what is a panic disorder?
sudden panic attacks=intense fear and has physical Sx
185
what is a phobia?
irrational fear of specific objects or situations
186
what is OCD?
obsessive compulsive disorder
187
what is PTSD?
lingering thoughts/nightmares after a traumatic past event. can be triggered.Ex: war, rape
188
what is dissociative identity disorder?
2 or more identities in a single body. usually from people who have suffered child abuse or life stresses. extremely rare. some poeple think it isnt even legit
189
what is conversion disorder?
a psychosomatic NEUROLOGICAL disorder
190
what is a factitious disorder?
pt wants to be sick so he makes shit up to get Dx/Tx
191
what are the 3 categories of personality Disorders?
A(weird), B(wild), C(worried)
192
what are the cluster A personality disorders?
Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal
193
what is paranoid personality disorder?
profound distrust/suspicion of others
194
what is schizoid personality disorder?
emotionally detached and shows little emotion
195
what is Schizotypal personality disorder?
odd beliefs/magical thinking
196
what are cluster B personality disorders?
Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
197
what is antisocial personality disorder?
little or no regard for others. commit crimes and show no remorse
198
what is borderline personality disorder?
unstable relationships and emotion, variable self image/compulsive
199
what is histrionic personality disorder?
very attention seeking. display large emotions/wear bright clothes
200
what is narcissistic personality disorder?
huge ego, need for admiration/praise
201
what is avoidant personality disorder?
inhibited. avoid putting themselves in situations where they can be criticized?
202
what is dependent personality disorder?
submissive and clingy
203
what are the physiological signs of Alzheimer's Dz?
brain atrophy. neuron loss, plaques, tangles
204
what is the first brain structure thought to be lost in the progression of alzheimers?
nucleus basalis, important for cognitive function and AcH release
205
what is the main physiological evidence of Parkinson's disease?
loss of substantia nigra, which is a darker tissue in the brainstem
206
which neurons are lost in parkinson's disease?
dopaminergic neurons leading to loss of dopamine
207
what is lewy body Dz?
basal ganglia dysfunction leading to less motor dysfunction but more cognitive dysfunction than parkinson's disease
208
what is bipolar 1 disorder?
HAS manic episodes with (or without) major depressive disorder
209
what is bipolar 2 disorder?
has NEVER HAD manic episode, instead only peaks at "hypomania"
210
what is dysthymic disorder?
less severe depression over a priod of 2 years(ish)
211
what is anhedonia?
inability to feel pleasure
212
what part of the brain is the olfactory bulb a part of?
the forebrain
213
rapid mood swings are characteristic of
borderline personality disorder
214
Hans eysneck is associated with the ___ approach
biomedical
215
is anxiety a mood disorder?
NOOOO
216
behaviorism considers
classical/operant conditioning
217
according to optimum arousal theory, too much arousal results in:
negative performance
218
how do people respond to different stressors, according to seyle's general adaptation syndrome
the SAME WAY
219
flight of ideas is a diagnostic criteria for
bipolar disorder 1
220
what is a negative Sx?
absense of appropriate behavior or emotion
221
negative priming requires
implicit memory
222
what is an independent stressor?
one not controlled by the person
223
a person who selectively forgets distracting elements of their life has
dissociative disorder
224
what is the diathesis-stress model?
integrates biological predispositions with environment
