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Premed95 > 7A - Behavior > Flashcards

7A - Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

the forebrain develops into

A

cerebrum

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2
Q

the midbrain develops into

A

midbrain

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3
Q

the hindbrain develops into

A

pons/medulla/cerebellum

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4
Q

basic neural fxn includes

A

motor, sensory, automatic(reflexes)

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5
Q

higher level neural fxn includes

A

cognition, consciousness, emotion

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6
Q

what is a lower motor neuron(LMN?)

A

efferent PNS neuron that synapses on motor unit for skeletal muscle contraction to form a neuromuscular junction

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7
Q

what is atrophy?

A

loss of muscle volume

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8
Q

what is a fasciculation?

A

involuntary “twitch” of muscle

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9
Q

what is hypotonia?

A

decrease in “tone” of muscle (baseline level of contraction)

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10
Q

what is hyporeflexia?

A

decreased reflexive response to stimulation

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11
Q

what are the components of the muscle stretch reflex?

A

afferent (stimulus), efferent (response).muscle stretch fiber responds and instructs muscle to contract

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12
Q

neurons in the autonomic nervous systm control?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, gland cells

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13
Q

what is grey matter?

A

mostly neural soma

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14
Q

what is white matter?

A

mostly myelinated axons

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15
Q

where is grey matter located in the spinal cord?

A

inside. white is on outside

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16
Q

where is grey matter located in the brain?

A

on the outside, white is on inside

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17
Q

what do upper motor neurons do?

A

control lower motor neurons

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18
Q

where are upper motor neurons located?

A

the cerebral cortex, synapse in spinal cord

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19
Q

what is the corticospinal tract?

A

when UMN from cerebral cortex synapses in sinal cord

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20
Q

what is the corticobulbar tract?

A

when UMN from cerebral cortex synapses in brainstem

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21
Q

what are the upper motor neuron signs?

A

hyperreflexia, clonus (rhythmic contractions of muscles), hypertonia, positive babinski sign

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22
Q

somatosensory tracts synapse on the (same side/opposite side) in the brain

A

opposite side

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23
Q

what are the function of the bumps/grooves in the cerebral cortex?(gyri/sulci)

A

increase surface area

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24
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

contains prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, Broca’s area

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25
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

somatosensory cortex, spacial manipulation

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26
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

vision, AKA “striate” cortex

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27
Q

what is the function of the temporal cortex?

A

hearing, Wernicke’s area

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28
Q

what is contralateral control?

A

left side of brain controls right side of body & vice versa

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29
Q

what is the brainstem composed of and what is its function?

A

medulla, pons, reticular function. basic functions like HR and RR. connects cerebellum to cerebral cortex and spinal cord

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30
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

fine motor control/voluntary movement. proprioception

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31
Q

what is the function of the pons?

A

regulates walking and relaxing

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32
Q

what is the function of the reticular formation?

A

motivation and alertness.filters info and sends important shit to the thalamus. sleep wake cycle/awareness(think: ‘tickled’)

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33
Q

what is the function of the medulla?

A

autonomic activity of heart and lungs

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34
Q

what controls the pituitary gland?

A

the hypothalamus

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35
Q

what is the function of glutamate?

A

excitatory neurotransmitter

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36
Q

what are GABA and glycine?

A

inhibitory neurotransmitters

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37
Q

what is acetylcholine?

A

neurotransmitter released in frontal lobe

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38
Q

where does histamine in the brain travel?

A

hypothalamus–>cortex

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39
Q

what is autocrine signaling?

A

cell signals itself

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40
Q

what is paracrine signaling?

A

cell signals nearby cell

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41
Q

what is the function of the thyroid?

A

regulation of metabolism

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42
Q

what is the function of the parathyroid?

A

regulation of calcium levels

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43
Q

the adrenal glands are stimulated by

A

ACTH(adreno cortico tropic hormone)

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44
Q

is the pancreas tied to the pituitary?

A

no

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45
Q

what stimulates the gonads?

A

FSH/LH

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46
Q

what is the acrosome?

A

portion of sperm containing enzymes to digest zona pellucida

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47
Q

what is the zona pellucida?

A

thick outer covering of human egg cell. penetrated by sperm acrosome

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48
Q

what are the basic steps of fertilization?

A

1) sperm binds2) acrosome reaction (digest zona pellucida)3) cortical reaciton (binding of 2 cell membranes, block to polyspermy)4) fertilization

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49
Q

what is a morula?

A

tight collection of 32 cells, beginning of differentiation

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50
Q

what is the defining feature of a blastocyst?

A

a blastocoel (cavity)

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51
Q

what is the result of gastrulation?

A

3 embyronic germ layers, ecto-, endo-, and meso-

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52
Q

what happens during neurulation?

A

notochord stimulates ectoderm to develop into neural tube

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53
Q

the GI tract, lungs, liver, and pancreas all develop from the

A

endoderm

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54
Q

cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, bone, kidney, bladder, gonads are derived from

A

mesoderm

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55
Q

the nervous system, skin, hair, etc are all derived from

A

ectoderm

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56
Q

fertilization occurs at week

A

2

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57
Q

fetal development is at __ weeks

A

10

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58
Q

full term is

A

37-42 weeks

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59
Q

gross motor skills involve __ muscles

A

larger

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60
Q

fine motor skills involve

A

smaller muscles

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61
Q

development tends to move from __ to __

A

head to toe

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62
Q

what are traits?

A

distinguishing qualities/characters. can be acquired or inherited

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63
Q

what is temperament?

A

innate, genetically influenced aspect of “personality”

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64
Q

what is a monozygotic twin?

A

from same egg(identical)

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65
Q

what is a dizygotic twin?

A

from different eggs. (fraternal)

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66
Q

fraternal twins share __% of their genetic code

A

50

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67
Q

what is an adoption study?

A

when an adopted child is compared to their biological family and adopted family

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68
Q

what would you expect to see if a Dz has a strong genetic component?

A

identical twins =/= fraternal twinsidentical twins raised together=twins raised apartadoptive children=biological family

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69
Q

what would you expect to see if a Dz has a strong environmental component?

A

identical twins=fraternal twinsidentical twins raised apart=/=twins raised togetheradopted child=adopted family and NOT biological family

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70
Q

what is heritablity?

A

the percentage of variation in traits due to genes.Ex: 4 boys raised in tightly controlled environments. Differences in IQ between each would be due to genetics only, and that value is heritabiliy

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71
Q

what is epigenetics?

A

changes in gene expression due to modification of DNA at the molecular level. this includes methylation, acetylation, etc.

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72
Q

the ____ interacts with genes to influence behavior

A

environment

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73
Q

what is the function of behavior?

A

to maintain homeostasis

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74
Q

what is an innate behavior?

A

genetically programed (reflex, fixed action pattern, etc)

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75
Q

what is learned behavior?

A

behavior learned from environment

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76
Q

what is complex behavior?

A

combination of innate and learned behavior

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77
Q

what is positive feedback?

A

increase product

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78
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

decrease in product

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79
Q

what is the evolutionary approach to motivation?

A

what is not learned, just instinctual

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80
Q

what is drive reduction theory?

A

need energizes our drive to do something into an aroused state, fulfilling that drive calms us down

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81
Q

what is optimum arousal theory?

A

people do things to reach a peak state of arousal

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82
Q

what is extrinsic motivation?

A

motivation by external factors or rewards

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83
Q

what is intrinsic motivation

A

motivation by internal factors/ desires

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84
Q

what are the basic needs in maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

physiological (food, thirst)saftey (safe environment/home)

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85
Q

what is the third level of maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

love(need for acceptance/intimacy)

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86
Q

what is the 4th level of maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

self esteem (feeling self confident in your achievements and shit)

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87
Q

what is self actualization?

A

the final level of maslow’s hierarchy of needs. its when you reach your full goddamn potential

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88
Q

what is incentive theory

A

basically describes motivation in terms of positive reinforcement. ppl will be more likely to do something if immediatelygiven a reward (tangible or intangible)

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89
Q

what is the sexual response cycle?

A

phases during banging1) excitement/arousal2) flatline3) orgasm4)refractory period

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90
Q

what is an attitude?

A

a learned tendency to evaluate something in a certain way

91
Q

what are the components of attitude

A

affective, behavioral, cognitive (ABCs)

92
Q

what is the affective component of attitude

A

how we feel about something

93
Q

what is the behavioral component of attitude?

A

how we act about or behave towards the thing

94
Q

what is the cognitive aspect of attitude?

A

how we think about something

95
Q

what is the theory of planned behavior?

A

we consider our intentions and the implications of our actions before actingIntentions are based on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control

96
Q

what is the attitude to behavior process model?

A

an event triggers our attitude–>that attitude+our prior knowledge determines our behavior

97
Q

what is the prototype willingness model?

A

behavior is a function of 6 things, prototyping/modeling is one of them

98
Q

what is the elaboration likelihood model for persuasion?

A

central and peripheral route of processing.

99
Q

what is the foot in the door techinque?

A

you are more likely to do something big when asked to do something smaller first

100
Q

what is the relation between role playing and attitude?

A

playing a new role can shape an attitude

101
Q

what is effort justification?

A

people more likely to give something greater value if they put a lot of effort into it

102
Q

what is cognitive dissonance?

A

discomfort felt when we hold 2 or more conflicting ideals/cognitions

103
Q

what are the 4 things we do to alleviate cognitive dissonance?

A

modify our cognitions, trivialize the importance of their cognition, add more cognitions, deny the facts(other cognitions)

104
Q

what is the situational approach to behavior?

A

behavior is determined by the situations we are placed in

105
Q

what is attribution?

A

inferring about the causes of events

106
Q

what is the basic point of psychoanalytic theory and who is it associated with?

A

Freud. personality shaped by childhood experiences and UNCONSCIOUS THOUGHTS/DESIRES, feelings, and past memories

107
Q

psychoanalytic theory states there are 2 instinctual drives pushing human behavior, what are they?

A

Libido and Death instict

108
Q

what is libido?

A

natural enery source, fuels mild for motivation to surive, grow,have sex

109
Q

what is the death instinct?

A

drives aggresive behaviors fueled by the unconscious wish to hurt yourself or others

110
Q

what is projection?

A

projecting your own feelings onto someone else

111
Q

what is regression?

A

when you start acting childish in problematic situations

112
Q

what is sublimation?

A

a defense mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful

113
Q

what are the 3 parts of the mind, as per Freud?

A

id, ego, superego

114
Q

what is the Id?

A

at the “bottom of the iceberg”, is the unconscious thing demanding immediategratification.

115
Q

what is the superego?

A

its our moral conscience, and is found as part of the conscious and unconscious mind

116
Q

what is the ego?

A

part of unconscious and conscious. it mediates between the superego and the Id. seeks LONG TERM gratification

117
Q

what is Freudian slip?

A

an example of mental conflictEx: Financially stressed patient says “please don’t give me an bills” instead of pills because theyre stupid

118
Q

what is the basic thrust of humanistic theory?

A

focuses on healthy personality development, humans are inherently good. self motivated to self actualize. emphasize free will.

119
Q

who are the 2 people associated with Humanistic theory?

A

Abraham Maslow(hierarchy of needs) and Carl Rogers.

120
Q

what did Carl Rogerstheorize?

A

stated that the qualities described by Maslow were develoepd early in life in a growth promoting climate.

121
Q

what are the required elements of a “growth promoting climate?”

A

growth nurtured when individual is “genuine”growth is nurtured through acceptanceby others

122
Q

what is the biological theory of personality?

A

important personality components are INHERITED by GENES

123
Q

what does behaviorist theory state?

A

personality result of learned behavior patterns based on environment. deterministic, meaning people start as blank slates and get molded by the environment

124
Q

what is trait theory?

A

personality traits describe overall personality and describe it as a pattern of behavior

125
Q

what is a trait?

A

stable characteristic of a person that causes individuals to consistently behave certain ways

126
Q

what did Gordon Allport theorize?

A

all of us have 3 categories of traits, cardinal, central, and secondary

127
Q

what are cardinal traits?

A

characteristics that direct most of a person’s activity

128
Q

what are central traits?

A

less dominant than cardinal traits such as honesty or shyness

129
Q

what are secondary traits?

A

preferences or attitudes Ex: liking art or not eating meat

130
Q

what did Raymond Cattell propose?

A

we all have 16 essential personality traits

131
Q

what did Hans Eysenckpropose?

A

we all have ALL traits but express them to different degrees. also, 3 dimensions of personality psychotisim, extroversion, neuroticism

132
Q

what is psychotisim?

A

the degree to which you distort reality

133
Q

what is extroversion?

A

degree of sociability

134
Q

what is neuroticism?

A

emotional stability (anxiety, tension)

135
Q

what is the 5 factor model of trait theory?

A

states that there are 5 major categories of traits found in every person.OpennessConscientiousnessExtroversionAgreeablenessNeuroticismOCEAN

136
Q

what is social cognitive theory?

A

theory of behavior change/learning that emphasizes relationship between people and their environment.”AM I Motivated?Requires Attention, Memory, Imitation, and Motivation”

137
Q

what is the deal with Albert Bandura and the bobo doll experiment?

A

kids would abuse a defenseless blow up doll if they saw a video of it beforehand

138
Q

what is learning performance distinction?

A

learning a behavior and performing it are 2 different things

139
Q

what are pathological defense mechanisms?

A

ones that distort reality

140
Q

what is the denial defense mechanism?

A

denying that the event ever happened

141
Q

what are immature defense mechanisms?

A

projection and passive aggresion

142
Q

what is passve aggression?

A

passively expressing your anger

143
Q

what is Intellectualization?

A

taking intellectual aspects and detaching the emotional aspects of the situation?

144
Q

what is Rationalization?

A

making yourself believe the bad thing was not your fault

145
Q

what is Repression

A

unconsciously pushing negative thoughts away

146
Q

what is displacement?

A

getting mad at an easier target

147
Q

what are mature defense mechanisms?

A

humor, sublimation, suppression, altruism

148
Q

what is Freud’s pleasure principle?

A

as a child, you want immediate gratification

149
Q

what is the reality principle?

A

when you are older/mature, have to sacrifice short term reward in favor of long term gratification

150
Q

what is the Eros drive?

A

aka Life drive: health, safety, sex

151
Q

what is the Thantos drive?

A

AKA death drive: self destructive/harmful drive

152
Q

what is distress?

A

negative type of stress that builds over time and is bad for the body

153
Q

what is eustress?

A

positive stress that motivates you

154
Q

what is neustress?

A

neutral type of stress. doesnt affect you really (like news of natural disaster in another country)

155
Q

what is the biomedical approach to psychological disorders?

A

considers ONLY biological factors

156
Q

what is the biopsychosocial approach to disorders?

A

considers biological factors AND psych/sociological factors

157
Q

what are neurodevelopmental disorders?

A

involve distress/disability due to abnormality during developmentEx: autism/retardation

158
Q

what are neurocognitive disorders?

A

loss of cognitive brain function AFTER nervous system developingEx: alzheimers

159
Q

what are sleep-wake disorders?

A

sleep related issuesEx: insomnia/sleep apnea

160
Q

what are Anxiety disorders?

A

abnormal worry/fear.Ex: GAD, social anxiety

161
Q

what are depressive disorders?

A

abnormally NEGATIVE mood. long term emotional state.Ex: major depressive disorder

162
Q

what are the bipolar and related disorders?

A

periods of negative mood WITH periods of abnormally positive mood called ManiaEx: bipolar disorder

163
Q

Schizophrenia spectrum and other Psychotic disorders

A

involves psychosis(delusions). can have hallucinations.

164
Q

what are the trauma/stress related disorders

A

occurs after stressful/traumatic event.Ex: PTSD

165
Q

what are the substance related and addictive disorders?

A

addiction to drugs or substancesEx: Crack addict

166
Q

what are personality disorders?

A

long term mental/behavioral features characteristic of person that case distress

167
Q

What are the disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders?

A

behaviors that are unacceptably disruptive or impulsive

168
Q

What are obsessive compulsive disorders?

A

involuntary thoughts, compulsionsEx: OCD

169
Q

what are somatic symptom disorders

A

psychosomatic issuesEx: fibromyalgia

170
Q

what are feeding and eating disorders

A

food abnormalitiesEx: Anorexia nervosa

171
Q

what are the elimination disorders?

A

peeing or pooping at bad times

172
Q

what are dissociative disorders?

A

abnormalities of identiy or memory

173
Q

what are sexual dysfunctions?

A

abnormal sexual performance

174
Q

what is gender dysphoria?

A

person identifies as different gender

175
Q

what are paraphilic disorders?

A

getting turned on by weird shit

176
Q

schizophrenia results from a combination of

A

genetics and environment

177
Q

what is the prodrome?

A

period of time before schizophrenia becomes symptomatic. “going downhill”

178
Q

what are positive Sx of schizophrenia?

A

hallucinations, delusions

179
Q

what are cognitive Sx of schizophrenia?

A

abnormalities of attention, organization, planning

180
Q

what are negative Sx of Schizophrenia?

A

blunted emotions, loss of enjoyment, lack of emotional expression, lack of interest/enthusiasm, inability to carry a conversation

181
Q

what are some physical abnormalities seen in schizophrenia pts?

A

smaller cerebral cortex, abnormal dopamine levels, affected mesocorticolimbic pathway

182
Q

what brain structures show abnormal activity in major depressive disorder pts?

A

frontal lobes and limbic system

183
Q

what is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A

general state of tenseness and uneasyness greater than 6 months

184
Q

what is a panic disorder?

A

sudden panic attacks=intense fear and has physical Sx

185
Q

what is a phobia?

A

irrational fear of specific objects or situations

186
Q

what is OCD?

A

obsessive compulsive disorder

187
Q

what is PTSD?

A

lingering thoughts/nightmares after a traumatic past event. can be triggered.Ex: war, rape

188
Q

what is dissociative identity disorder?

A

2 or more identities in a single body. usually from people who have suffered child abuse or life stresses. extremely rare. some poeple think it isnt even legit

189
Q

what is conversion disorder?

A

a psychosomatic NEUROLOGICAL disorder

190
Q

what is a factitious disorder?

A

pt wants to be sick so he makes shit up to get Dx/Tx

191
Q

what are the 3 categories of personality Disorders?

A

A(weird), B(wild), C(worried)

192
Q

what are the cluster A personality disorders?

A

Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

193
Q

what is paranoid personality disorder?

A

profound distrust/suspicion of others

194
Q

what is schizoid personality disorder?

A

emotionally detached and shows little emotion

195
Q

what is Schizotypal personality disorder?

A

odd beliefs/magical thinking

196
Q

what are cluster B personality disorders?

A

Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

197
Q

what is antisocial personality disorder?

A

little or no regard for others. commit crimes and show no remorse

198
Q

what is borderline personality disorder?

A

unstable relationships and emotion, variable self image/compulsive

199
Q

what is histrionic personality disorder?

A

very attention seeking. display large emotions/wear bright clothes

200
Q

what is narcissistic personality disorder?

A

huge ego, need for admiration/praise

201
Q

what is avoidant personality disorder?

A

inhibited. avoid putting themselves in situations where they can be criticized?

202
Q

what is dependent personality disorder?

A

submissive and clingy

203
Q

what are the physiological signs of Alzheimer’s Dz?

A

brain atrophy. neuron loss, plaques, tangles

204
Q

what is the first brain structure thought to be lost in the progression of alzheimers?

A

nucleus basalis, important for cognitive function and AcH release

205
Q

what is the main physiological evidence of Parkinson’s disease?

A

loss of substantia nigra, which is a darker tissue in the brainstem

206
Q

which neurons are lost in parkinson’s disease?

A

dopaminergic neurons leading to loss of dopamine

207
Q

what is lewy body Dz?

A

basal ganglia dysfunction leading to less motor dysfunction but more cognitive dysfunction than parkinson’s disease

208
Q

what is bipolar 1 disorder?

A

HAS manic episodes with (or without) major depressive disorder

209
Q

what is bipolar 2 disorder?

A

has NEVER HAD manic episode, instead only peaks at “hypomania”

210
Q

what is dysthymic disorder?

A

less severe depression over a priod of 2 years(ish)

211
Q

what is anhedonia?

A

inability to feel pleasure

212
Q

what part of the brain is the olfactory bulb a part of?

A

the forebrain

213
Q

rapid mood swings are characteristic of

A

borderline personality disorder

214
Q

Hans eysneck is associated with the ___ approach

A

biomedical

215
Q

is anxiety a mood disorder?

A

NOOOO

216
Q

behaviorism considers

A

classical/operant conditioning

217
Q

according to optimum arousal theory, too much arousal results in:

A

negative performance

218
Q

how do people respond to different stressors, according to seyle’s general adaptation syndrome

A

the SAME WAY

219
Q

flight of ideas is a diagnostic criteria for

A

bipolar disorder 1

220
Q

what is a negative Sx?

A

absense of appropriate behavior or emotion

221
Q

negative priming requires

A

implicit memory

222
Q

what is an independent stressor?

A

one not controlled by the person

223
Q

a person who selectively forgets distracting elements of their life has

A

dissociative disorder

224
Q

what is the diathesis-stress model?

A

integrates biological predispositions with environment

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