6BC - Making Sense of Environ and Responding to World Flashcards
1
Q
what is conciousness?
A
awareness of self and environment
2
Q
what waves are alertness associated with?
A
beta waves12-30Hz
3
Q
what waves are “daydreaming”/relaxed state associated with?
A
alpha waves8-13 Hz
4
Q
what waves are drowsiness associated with?
A
theta waves
5
Q
N1 stage of sleep is dominated by
A
theta waves, hallucinations, hypnic jerks
6
Q
N2 stage of sleep
A
deeper than N1, precedes N3, see lots of theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes
7
Q
what is a sleep spindle?
A
burst of brain activity thought to suppress certain perceptions
8
Q
what is the N3 stage of sleep?
A
slow wave sleep, mostly composed of delta waves
9
Q
what is freud’s theory of dreams?
A
dreams have meaning (monster chasing you,etc)
10
Q
what is the activation synthesis hypothesis of dreams?
A
frontal cortex tries to make sense of random impulses from brain stem firing during REM sleep
11
Q
sleep deprivation can lead to
A
obesity, depression, mood disorders
12
Q
sleepwalking mostly occurs during __ stage of sleep
A
N3
13
Q
breathing related disorders can take 3 forms:
A
obstruction related, brain related, hypoventilation
14
Q
what is hypnosis?
A
induced altered state of conciousness. more susceptible to power of suggestion
15
Q
what is meditation?
A
self induced altered stateincreased alpha and theta wavesregular practitioners have greater ability to control attention
16
Q
what does a depressant do?
A
suppresses CNSlowers HR and BPalcohol, barbiturates, benzos
17
Q
what does a stimulant do?
A
stimulates CNSincrease HR and BPnicotine, caffeine, amphetaminessimilar effect to stress
18
Q
what does a hallucinogen do?
A
causes altered perception
19
Q
what is an opiate/opioid?
A
synthetic derivative of poppy seed, decrease CNS function but also act as analgesic
20
Q
cannabis/marijuana/weed has characteristics of
A
stimulants, hallucinogens, and depressants
21
Q
opiates act on ___ receptors
A
endorphin
22
Q
depressants act on ___ receptors
A
GABA
23
Q
what is nicotine’s effect on the body?
A
increase BP/HR, can disrupt sleep and suppress appetite
24
Q
what is the effect of cocaine?
A
massive increase in dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. causes crash afterward
25
what do amphetamines do?
trigger release of dopamine, and block its reuptake
26
Ecstasy/ Molly/ MDMA
synthetic hallucinogen, also has stimulant properties. increases dopamine and euphoria. increases HR
27
what neurotransmitter does LSD interfere with?
serotonin
28
what causes a crash?
when you take a typical drug dose without your body pre-emptively compensating for it
29
a faster route of entry means...
higher risk of addiction/dependence
30
dopamine is produced in the_____ region of the brain
ventral tegmental
31
what is the role of the amygdala?
emotional control.
32
what is the role of the nucleus accumbens in the reward pathway?
motor function"let me take another hit of that dank w33d"
33
what is the role of the prefrontal cortex in the reward pathway?
oooh look at that fat blunt
34
what is the role of the hippocampus in the reward pathway?
memory"where did i smoke that dank weed?"
35
what happens to levels of dopamine and serotonin when the reward pathway is activated?
dopamine goes up, serotonin goes down
36
what is serotonin involved in?
feelings of satiation
37
what is tolerance?
brain gets used to drug stimulus, so it requires more of the drug to achieve same effect or just to feel "normal"
38
what are the telltale signs of a substance use disorder?
using higher dose, failing to meet obligations, withdrawal,
39
what does methadone do?
activates opiate receptors but much more slowly and dampens the high.
40
how does cognitive behavior therapy helps addicts?
addresses both cognitive thought processes and helps identify behaviors to prevent relapse
41
what is motivational interviewing?
working with pt to find intrinsic motivation to change
42
what is divided attention?
when doing more than one thing your brain quickly switches between things instead of multitasking
43
what is selective attention?
"flaslight beam", only focusing on one thing at a time
44
what is an exogenuous cue?
we dont have to tell ourselves to notice it. like a bright color or loud noise
45
what is an endogenous cue?
require internal/background knowledge to understand the cue
46
what is inattentional blindness?
when we fail to notice something in our view because our attention is focused elsewhere
47
what is change blindness?
failure to notice a change in an environment due to selective attention
48
what does broadbent's early selection theory state?
sensory register-->selective filter-->perceptual process-->consciousproblem? if you selectively filter everything then you wouldn't be able to hear your name in a crowded room.
49
What does Deutch & Deutch’s Late Selection Theory state?
Sensory register--> perceptual process->selective filter-->consciousstates that you do register and assign meaning to shit but that your selective filter decides what to send to your consciousproblem? too much energy required to assign meaning to everything
50
what is Treisman's attenuation theory?
instead of the selective filter we have an attenuator that weakens but doesn't eliminate something from the unattended ear. Sensory register-->attenuator-->perceptual process-->conscious
51
what is priming?
exposure to one stimulus can alter our perception of another or subsequent stimulus
52
what is the resource model of attention?
states that attention is a limited resource and that we suck ass at multi-tasking
53
what are the 3 things that affect our ability to multitask?
task similarity, task difficulty, practice(prior experience)
54
what does the information processing model postulate?
input-->process-->output
55
what is sensory memory?
like the sensory register. composed of iconic and echoic. iconic is what you see, lasts a few seconds.echoic is what you hear, lasting 3-4 seconds
56
what is working memory?
AKA short term memory. consists of what you are thinking of in the exact moment. 7 units of information (+or- 2) available.
57
what is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
part of working memory involving visual memories. works with the phonological loop to
58
what is the phonological loop?
verbal info being processed (think: repeating something to yourself again to remember it)
59
what does the central executive do?
coordinates the visuo-spatial and phonological loops
60
what is the episodic buffer?
connection between working and long term memory
61
what is long term memory?
composed of explicit and implicit memories, theoretically unlimited
62
what is explicit memory?
memory of facts, places, names, math and other gay shit
63
what is implicit memory?
remembering stuff like how to ride a bike, how to clench your sphincter to stop the poop log, etc
64
what is episodic memory?
its a part of explicit memory, specifically referring to birthdays/holidays and shit
65
riding a bicycle is a form of ____ memory
procedural
66
what is encoding?
processing info and transferring it into memory
67
what is rote rehearsal?
saying the same shit again and again, is the least effective encoding technique
68
what is chunking?
grouping pieces of info together to improve encoding
69
what is the pegword system?
verbal "anchor" to a word or piece of info.1 is a gun2 is a shoe3 is a tree
70
what is the method of loci?
useful for encoding things that need to be memorized in order
71
what is self referencing?
relating new info to yourself to help encoding
72
what is spacing?
spacing out study sessions instead of cramming
73
what is retrieval?
trying to bring back a memory from long term memory into working memory
74
what are the things that can affect retrieval?
priming, context, state(of mind)
75
what is free recall?
recall without any cue
76
what is the primacy/recency effect?
also known as serial position effect, remember things at beginning and end of list better
77
what is cued recall?
recall that follows a "cue" of some sort
78
what is source monitoring?
being aware of where a piece of information came from
79
what is a flashbulb memory?
very vivid/strong memory created in moment of high emotion
80
what is long term potentiation?
increase in synaptic plasticity/strength of synapse. key component of learning.
81
what is decay?
when a memory is unable to be retrieved. may still exist
82
what is retroactive interference?
new learning impairs old information/memory.
83
what is proactive interference?
something from prior memory affects new learningE.g. writing down the old year after Jan 1
84
what remains stable as people age?
implicit memory and recognition
85
what abilities decline as people age?
recall, episodic memory, processing speed, divided attention
86
what skills improve as we age?
semantic memory, emotional reasoning, crystallized IQ
87
what is crystallized IQ/intelligence?
ability to use combined + experience to solve problems
88
what is the main suspected cause of alzheimer's
buildup of amyloid plaques in brain
89
what is korsakoff's syndrome?
similar to AD, causes memory deficits.main cause is malnutrition/lack of thiamine or vitamin B1. common in alcoholics.
90
what is wernicke's encephalopathy?
precursor to Korsakoff's syndrome, left untreated it will progress to Korsakoff's
91
what is retrograde amnesia?
inability to recall previosly encoded information
92
what is anterograde amnesia?
inability to encode new memories
93
what is a semantic model?
theoretical model of memory encoding in brain. consists of related "nodes"
94
what is spreading activation?
one cue/memory stimulates retrieval of other related memories
95
what is the age range for the sensorimotor stage?
0-2 years
96
0-2 years
what is the age range for the sensorimotor stage?
97
object permanence appears in
sensorimotor stage
98
what is a child doing during the sensorimotor stage?
gathering info about the world through its senses
99
what is the age range for the preoperational stage?
2-6 years old
100
what stage of development are children most egocentric and engaging in pretend play?
pre-operational
101
what stage of development does a child start to use symbols to represent things?
pre-operational
102
what age range is the concrete operational stage?
7-11 years old
103
a child that recognizes conservation of matter (the water glass test) is in what stage of development?
concrete operational
104
what age range is the formal operational stage?
12+
105
at what stage do children begin to engage in abstract thought and moral reasoning?
formal operational
106
what is a schema?
a mental model/framework for how we view the world
107
what is assimilation?
trying to fit things into an existing schema (ss=same schema)
108
what is accomodation?
formulating a new schema to interpret new shit
109
what is a well defined problem?
problem with a clear start and end point
110
what is an ill defined problem?
has more ambiguous starting and ending point
111
what is a heuristic?
a mental shortcut(using your birthday to guess a password)
112
what is trial and error?
repeatedly trying all possible combinations to solve something
113
what is algorithmic problem solving?
solving problems using a set step by step method
114
what is means-end analysis?
a heuristic where you break a large problem down into smaller problems and attack the one that creates the greatest difference between your current state and desired state
115
what is intuition?
relying on instinct
116
what is fixation?
getting stuck with the wrong approach to solving a problem
117
what is a type 1 error?
false positive
118
what is a type II error?
false negative
119
what is the availability heuristic?
using examples that come to mind
120
what is the representativeness heuristic?
when you look for a representative prototype and use that to make decisions/inferences
121
what is a conjunction fallacy?
linda protested at an anti nuclear thing so she must a feminist and a bank teller instead of just a feminist or just a bank teller
122
what is belief perserverance?
ignoring facts that challenge your beliefs, or go against what you believe
123
what is confirmation bias?
actively seeking out only things that confirm what you beliefe or only having confirmatory things available to you
124
spearman's general intelligence theory postulates
there is one underlying "g factor" that determines how intelligent people are at all tasks. person who scores high in one area will score high in another
125
what is analytical intelligence?
academic ability to solve well defined problems
126
what is creative intelligence?
ability to adapt to new situations and generate new novel ideas and shit
127
what is practical intelligence?
ability to solve ill defined problems
128
what is fluid intelligence?
ability to reason quickly and abstractly"think on ones feet"
129
what is crystallized intelligence?
ability to use acquired skills/knowledge over the years
130
what is LL Thurnstone's theory of primary mental abilities state?
there are 7 factors to intelligence (word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory)
131
what does Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences state?
7-9 very different types of intelligence that don't affect one another
132
what does Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence state?
there are 3 independent intelligences that are based on real world success (analytical, creative, and practical)"3 sides of same coin", inclusive of all other theories
133
language is mostly localized to the __ hemisphere
left
134
what is aphasia?
any disorder involving language
135
what is broca's aphasia?
"broken speech", trouble speaking, halting/jarring speech but you can understand what people are saying
136
what is Wernicke's aphasia?
"fluent aphasia", nothing the person says makes logical sense and you have trouble understanding
137
what is global aphasia?
wernicke's and broca's aphasia put together
138
what connects Wernicke's and Broca's area?
the arcuate fasciculus
139
what is conduction aphasia?
when the arcuate fasciculus(connection between Wernicke's and Broca's) is broken, cannot connect the two things. difficult to repeat things that are said to you
140
what is agraphia?
inability to write
141
what is anomia?
inability to name things
142
what does the linguistic universalism theory state?
thought determines language completely.Ex: New Guinea only have 2 words for color. If they had other thoughts, they would develop more words for color
143
what does Piaget think about language development?
when children learn to think in a certain way the develop language to explain those thoughtsEx: When develop object permanence, create words like hide or hidden or away
144
what is Vygotsky's theory of language development?
Children develop language as a way to interact with their parents
145
what is the weak hypothesis of linguistic determinism?
language influences thought. makes it easier for us to think in ways our language is structuredEx: language reads left to right so you draw something left to right
146
what is the strong hypothesis of linguistic determinism?(Whorfian)
language determines thought COMPLETELY. Ex: tribe of ppl who don't have grammar for past tense dont think about time the same way we do
147
what does the nativist theory of language development state?
babies have "language acquisition device" that is most active during the "critical period" up until 8 years old. associated with Noam Chomsky
148
what does the learning/behaviorist theory of language acquisition state?
babies learn language through operant conditioning from parents
149
what does the interactionist/social interactionist theory of language acquisition state?
associated with Vygotsky. states that childrens desire to communicate with adults leads them to develop language
150
what are the basic structures that comprise the limbic system?
hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampusEx: hippo(campus) wearing a HAT
151
what is the function of the thalamus?
sensory relay station. smell is the only sense that bypasses the thalamus
152
what is the function of the amygdala?
negative emotions, fear, stress anxiety.
153
what is kluver-bucy syndrome?
destruction of the amygdala results in decreased inhibition, hyperorality, hypersexuality
154
what is the function of the hippocampus?
converts short term memory into long term memory.
155
what is the function of the hypothalamus
control of autonomic nervous system and basic drives (food thirst sleep sex)
156
positive emotions are associated with the __ side of the brain and negative emotions are associated with the __ side
leftright
157
what is the function of the prefrontal cortex?
what makes us "human". higher level thinking, control over actions/emotions
158
what is the sympathetic nervous system?
"fight or flight"pupils dilate, increase HR, RR, glucose level, adrenalinedecrease digestion/salivation
159
what is the parasympathetic nervous system?
"rest and digest". ipupils CONSTRICT, increase salivation, glucose STORAGE, digestiondecrease HR, RR, adrenaline
160
what are the cognitive aspects of emotion?
how you are perceiving/thinking about the situation
161
what is the behavioral aspect of emotion?
body language/facial expressions
162
what are the 6 universal emotions?
happy, sad, surprised, fear, anger, disgust
163
what is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
Event-->Physiologic Response-->Interpretation-->Emotion
| Interpreting the physiological signs resulting from an event
164
what is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
Event-->Physiologic Response+EmotionEmotion+Physiologic response happens at same time
165
What is the Schacter-Singer theory of emotion?
Event-->Physiologic Response-->Identify reason for response-->EmotionRequires identifying reason for response
166
what is the Lazarus theory of emotion?
Event-->label event(as good/bad)-->emotion+physiologic responseRequires labelling of event before experiencing emotion and physiologic response at same time
167
what is stress?
process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats/challenges.
168
what is a stressor?
event that is threatening/challenging
169
what is a stress reaction?
physical/emotional response to a stressor
170
what is the appraisal theory of stress?
2 stages to cognitive appraisal of stress: primary and secondarysecondary only follows primary when stimulus is deemed threatening
171
what is the primary appraisal of stress?
initial response to a stressor. can be irrelevant, benign/helpful, or negative.
172
what is the secondary appraisal of stress?
evaluation of your ability to cope with the situation
173
what are the 4 major categories of stressors?
significant life changes, catastrophic events, daily hassles(most harmful), ambient stressors (pollution, noise, crowding)
174
what is the endocrine response to stress?
adrenal medullar releases catecholamines (norepi/epi), adrenal cortex releases cortisol
175
what is the tend and befriend response?
oxytocin, respond to stress using support system
176
what are the 3 stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome?
1) Alarm phase (stress rxn kicks in)2) Resistance (fleeing, huddling,cortisol high)3) Exhaustion (resources depleted, tired)
177
what is learned helplessness?
learn from having control taken from you that you have no control so you are unable to use coping mechanisms
178
what are some coping mechanisms for stress?
meditation, exercise, social support, optimism, religion, cognitive flexibility
179
where is broca's area located?
frontal lobe
180
what stage of sleep is associated with night terrors?
NON-rem
181
what stage of sleep is associated with dreams/nightmares?
REM sleep
182
what is the primary neurotransmitter associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
acetylcholine
183
what is a dysomnia?
abnormality in amount/length/quality of sleep
184
what is a parasomnia?
abnormal behavior that occurs during sleep
185
spreading activation can cause the creation of
false memories
186
conservation of matter is learned
DURING concrete operational
187
according to the wechsler scales of intelligence, mean intelligence quotient is
100, with a standard deviation of 15
188
remembering residential history/childhood memories is
episodic memory
189
what are neuroleptics?
antipsychotic drugs that can cause cognitive dulling
190
linguistic relativity asserts that
human cognition is affected by language
191
what is the encoding specificity effect?
enchanced memory when testing takes place under learning conditions
192
the primacy/recency effect is most pronounced when
recall takes place immediately afterward
