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Premed95 > 6BC - Making Sense of Environ and Responding to World > Flashcards

6BC - Making Sense of Environ and Responding to World Flashcards

1
Q

what is conciousness?

A

awareness of self and environment

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2
Q

what waves are alertness associated with?

A

beta waves12-30Hz

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3
Q

what waves are “daydreaming”/relaxed state associated with?

A

alpha waves8-13 Hz

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4
Q

what waves are drowsiness associated with?

A

theta waves

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5
Q

N1 stage of sleep is dominated by

A

theta waves, hallucinations, hypnic jerks

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6
Q

N2 stage of sleep

A

deeper than N1, precedes N3, see lots of theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes

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7
Q

what is a sleep spindle?

A

burst of brain activity thought to suppress certain perceptions

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8
Q

what is the N3 stage of sleep?

A

slow wave sleep, mostly composed of delta waves

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9
Q

what is freud’s theory of dreams?

A

dreams have meaning (monster chasing you,etc)

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10
Q

what is the activation synthesis hypothesis of dreams?

A

frontal cortex tries to make sense of random impulses from brain stem firing during REM sleep

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11
Q

sleep deprivation can lead to

A

obesity, depression, mood disorders

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12
Q

sleepwalking mostly occurs during __ stage of sleep

A

N3

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13
Q

breathing related disorders can take 3 forms:

A

obstruction related, brain related, hypoventilation

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14
Q

what is hypnosis?

A

induced altered state of conciousness. more susceptible to power of suggestion

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15
Q

what is meditation?

A

self induced altered stateincreased alpha and theta wavesregular practitioners have greater ability to control attention

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16
Q

what does a depressant do?

A

suppresses CNSlowers HR and BPalcohol, barbiturates, benzos

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17
Q

what does a stimulant do?

A

stimulates CNSincrease HR and BPnicotine, caffeine, amphetaminessimilar effect to stress

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18
Q

what does a hallucinogen do?

A

causes altered perception

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19
Q

what is an opiate/opioid?

A

synthetic derivative of poppy seed, decrease CNS function but also act as analgesic

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20
Q

cannabis/marijuana/weed has characteristics of

A

stimulants, hallucinogens, and depressants

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21
Q

opiates act on ___ receptors

A

endorphin

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22
Q

depressants act on ___ receptors

A

GABA

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23
Q

what is nicotine’s effect on the body?

A

increase BP/HR, can disrupt sleep and suppress appetite

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24
Q

what is the effect of cocaine?

A

massive increase in dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. causes crash afterward

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25
Q

what do amphetamines do?

A

trigger release of dopamine, and block its reuptake

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26
Q

Ecstasy/ Molly/ MDMA

A

synthetic hallucinogen, also has stimulant properties. increases dopamine and euphoria. increases HR

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27
Q

what neurotransmitter does LSD interfere with?

A

serotonin

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28
Q

what causes a crash?

A

when you take a typical drug dose without your body pre-emptively compensating for it

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29
Q

a faster route of entry means…

A

higher risk of addiction/dependence

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30
Q

dopamine is produced in the_____ region of the brain

A

ventral tegmental

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31
Q

what is the role of the amygdala?

A

emotional control.

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32
Q

what is the role of the nucleus accumbens in the reward pathway?

A

motor function”let me take another hit of that dank w33d”

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33
Q

what is the role of the prefrontal cortex in the reward pathway?

A

oooh look at that fat blunt

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34
Q

what is the role of the hippocampus in the reward pathway?

A

memory”where did i smoke that dank weed?”

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35
Q

what happens to levels of dopamine and serotonin when the reward pathway is activated?

A

dopamine goes up, serotonin goes down

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36
Q

what is serotonin involved in?

A

feelings of satiation

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37
Q

what is tolerance?

A

brain gets used to drug stimulus, so it requires more of the drug to achieve same effect or just to feel “normal”

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38
Q

what are the telltale signs of a substance use disorder?

A

using higher dose, failing to meet obligations, withdrawal,

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39
Q

what does methadone do?

A

activates opiate receptors but much more slowly and dampens the high.

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40
Q

how does cognitive behavior therapy helps addicts?

A

addresses both cognitive thought processes and helps identify behaviors to prevent relapse

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41
Q

what is motivational interviewing?

A

working with pt to find intrinsic motivation to change

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42
Q

what is divided attention?

A

when doing more than one thing your brain quickly switches between things instead of multitasking

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43
Q

what is selective attention?

A

“flaslight beam”, only focusing on one thing at a time

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44
Q

what is an exogenuous cue?

A

we dont have to tell ourselves to notice it. like a bright color or loud noise

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45
Q

what is an endogenous cue?

A

require internal/background knowledge to understand the cue

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46
Q

what is inattentional blindness?

A

when we fail to notice something in our view because our attention is focused elsewhere

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47
Q

what is change blindness?

A

failure to notice a change in an environment due to selective attention

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48
Q

what does broadbent’s early selection theory state?

A

sensory register–>selective filter–>perceptual process–>consciousproblem? if you selectively filter everything then you wouldn’t be able to hear your name in a crowded room.

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49
Q

What doesDeutch & Deutch’s Late Selection Theory state?

A

Sensory register–> perceptual process->selective filter–>consciousstates that you do register and assign meaning to shit but that your selective filter decides what to send to your consciousproblem? too much energy required to assign meaning to everything

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50
Q

what is Treisman’s attenuation theory?

A

instead of the selective filter we have an attenuator that weakens but doesn’t eliminate something from the unattended ear.Sensory register–>attenuator–>perceptual process–>conscious

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51
Q

what is priming?

A

exposure to one stimulus can alter our perception of another or subsequent stimulus

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52
Q

what is the resource model of attention?

A

states that attention is a limited resource and that we suck ass at multi-tasking

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53
Q

what are the 3 things that affect our ability to multitask?

A

task similarity, task difficulty, practice(prior experience)

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54
Q

what does the information processing model postulate?

A

input–>process–>output

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55
Q

what is sensory memory?

A

like the sensory register. composed of iconicand echoic. iconic is what you see, lasts a few seconds.echoic is what you hear, lasting 3-4 seconds

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56
Q

what is working memory?

A

AKA short term memory. consists of what you are thinking of in the exact moment. 7 units of information (+or- 2) available.

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57
Q

what is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

A

part of working memory involving visual memories. works with the phonological loopto

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58
Q

what is the phonological loop?

A

verbal info being processed (think: repeating something to yourself again to remember it)

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59
Q

what does the central executivedo?

A

coordinates the visuo-spatial and phonological loops

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60
Q

what is the episodic buffer?

A

connection between working and long term memory

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61
Q

what is long term memory?

A

composed of explicit and implicit memories, theoretically unlimited

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62
Q

what is explicit memory?

A

memory of facts, places, names, math and other gay shit

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63
Q

what is implicit memory?

A

remembering stuff like how to ride a bike, how to clench your sphincter to stop the poop log, etc

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64
Q

what is episodic memory?

A

its a part of explicit memory, specifically referring to birthdays/holidays and shit

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65
Q

riding a bicycle is a form of ____ memory

A

procedural

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66
Q

what is encoding?

A

processing info and transferring it into memory

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67
Q

what is rote rehearsal?

A

saying the same shit again and again, is the least effective encoding technique

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68
Q

what is chunking?

A

grouping pieces of info together to improve encoding

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69
Q

what is the pegword system?

A

verbal “anchor” to a word or piece of info.1 is a gun2 is a shoe3 is a tree

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70
Q

what is the method of loci?

A

useful for encoding things that need to be memorized in order

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71
Q

what is self referencing?

A

relating new info to yourself to help encoding

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72
Q

what is spacing?

A

spacing out study sessions instead of cramming

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73
Q

what is retrieval?

A

trying to bring back a memory from long term memory into working memory

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74
Q

what are the things that can affect retrieval?

A

priming, context, state(of mind)

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75
Q

what is free recall?

A

recall without any cue

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76
Q

what is the primacy/recency effect?

A

also known as serial position effect, remember things at beginning and end of list better

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77
Q

what is cued recall?

A

recall that follows a “cue” of some sort

78
Q

what is source monitoring?

A

being aware of where a piece of information came from

79
Q

what is a flashbulb memory?

A

very vivid/strong memory created in moment of high emotion

80
Q

what is long term potentiation?

A

increase in synaptic plasticity/strength of synapse. key component of learning.

81
Q

what is decay?

A

when a memory is unable to be retrieved. may still exist

82
Q

what is retroactive interference?

A

new learning impairs old information/memory.

83
Q

what is proactive interference?

A

something from prior memory affects new learningE.g. writing down the old year after Jan 1

84
Q

what remains stable as people age?

A

implicit memory and recognition

85
Q

what abilities decline as people age?

A

recall, episodic memory, processing speed, divided attention

86
Q

what skills improve as we age?

A

semantic memory, emotional reasoning, crystallized IQ

87
Q

what is crystallized IQ/intelligence?

A

ability to use combined + experience to solve problems

88
Q

what is the main suspected cause of alzheimer’s

A

buildup of amyloid plaques in brain

89
Q

what is korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

similar to AD, causes memory deficits.main cause is malnutrition/lack of thiamine or vitamin B1. common in alcoholics.

90
Q

what is wernicke’s encephalopathy?

A

precursor to Korsakoff’s syndrome, left untreated it will progress to Korsakoff’s

91
Q

what is retrograde amnesia?

A

inability to recall previosly encoded information

92
Q

what is anterograde amnesia?

A

inability to encode new memories

93
Q

what is a semantic model?

A

theoretical model of memory encoding in brain. consists of related “nodes”

94
Q

what is spreading activation?

A

one cue/memory stimulates retrieval of other related memories

95
Q

what is the age range for the sensorimotor stage?

96
Q

0-2 years

A

what is the age range for the sensorimotor stage?

97
Q

object permanence appears in

A

sensorimotor stage

98
Q

what is a child doing during the sensorimotor stage?

A

gathering info about the world through its senses

99
Q

what is the age range for the preoperational stage?

A

2-6 years old

100
Q

what stage of development are children most egocentric and engaging in pretend play?

A

pre-operational

101
Q

what stage of development does a child start to use symbols to represent things?

A

pre-operational

102
Q

what age range is the concrete operational stage?

A

7-11 years old

103
Q

a child that recognizes conservation of matter (the water glass test) is in what stage of development?

A

concrete operational

104
Q

what age range is the formal operational stage?

105
Q

at what stage do children begin to engage in abstract thought and moral reasoning?

A

formal operational

106
Q

what is a schema?

A

a mental model/framework for how we view the world

107
Q

what is assimilation?

A

trying to fit things into an existing schema (ss=same schema)

108
Q

what is accomodation?

A

formulating a new schema to interpret new shit

109
Q

what is a well defined problem?

A

problem with a clear start and end point

110
Q

what is an ill defined problem?

A

has more ambiguous starting and ending point

111
Q

what is a heuristic?

A

a mental shortcut(using your birthday to guess a password)

112
Q

what is trial and error?

A

repeatedly trying all possible combinations to solve something

113
Q

what is algorithmic problem solving?

A

solving problems using a set step by step method

114
Q

what is means-end analysis?

A

a heuristic where you break a large problem down into smaller problems and attack the one that creates the greatest difference between your current state and desired state

115
Q

what is intuition?

A

relying on instinct

116
Q

what is fixation?

A

getting stuck with the wrong approach to solving a problem

117
Q

what is a type 1 error?

A

false positive

118
Q

what is a type II error?

A

false negative

119
Q

what is the availability heuristic?

A

using examples that come to mind

120
Q

what is the representativeness heuristic?

A

when you look for a representative prototype and use that to make decisions/inferences

121
Q

what is a conjunction fallacy?

A

linda protested at an anti nuclear thing so she must a feminist and a bank teller instead of just a feminist or just a bank teller

122
Q

what is belief perserverance?

A

ignoring facts that challenge your beliefs, or go against what you believe

123
Q

what is confirmation bias?

A

actively seeking out only things that confirm what you beliefe or only having confirmatory things available to you

124
Q

spearman’s general intelligence theory postulates

A

there is one underlying “g factor” that determines how intelligent people are at all tasks. person who scores high in one area will score high in another

125
Q

what is analytical intelligence?

A

academic ability to solve well defined problems

126
Q

what is creative intelligence?

A

ability to adapt to new situations and generate new novel ideas and shit

127
Q

what is practical intelligence?

A

ability to solve ill defined problems

128
Q

what is fluid intelligence?

A

ability to reason quickly and abstractly”think on ones feet”

129
Q

what is crystallized intelligence?

A

ability to use acquired skills/knowledge over the years

130
Q

what is LL Thurnstone’s theory of primary mental abilities state?

A

there are 7 factors to intelligence (word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory)

131
Q

what does Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences state?

A

7-9 very different types of intelligence that don’t affect one another

132
Q

what does Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence state?

A

there are 3 independent intelligences that are based on real world success(analytical, creative, and practical)”3 sides of same coin”, inclusive of all other theories

133
Q

language is mostly localized to the __ hemisphere

134
Q

what is aphasia?

A

any disorder involving language

135
Q

what is broca’s aphasia?

A

“broken speech”, trouble speaking, halting/jarring speech but you can understand what people are saying

136
Q

what is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

“fluent aphasia”, nothing the person says makes logical sense and you have trouble understanding

137
Q

what is global aphasia?

A

wernicke’s and broca’s aphasia put together

138
Q

what connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s area?

A

the arcuate fasciculus

139
Q

what is conduction aphasia?

A

when the arcuate fasciculus(connection between Wernicke’s and Broca’s) is broken, cannot connect the two things. difficult to repeat things that are said to you

140
Q

what is agraphia?

A

inability to write

141
Q

what is anomia?

A

inability to name things

142
Q

what does the linguistic universalism theory state?

A

thought determines language completely.Ex: New Guinea only have 2 words for color. If they had other thoughts, they would develop more words for color

143
Q

what does Piaget think about language development?

A

when children learn to think in a certain way the develop language to explain those thoughtsEx: When develop object permanence, create words like hide or hidden or away

144
Q

what is Vygotsky’s theory of language development?

A

Children develop language as a way to interact with their parents

145
Q

what is the weak hypothesis of linguistic determinism?

A

language influences thought. makes it easier for us to think in ways our language is structuredEx: language reads left to right so you draw something left to right

146
Q

what is the strong hypothesis of linguistic determinism?(Whorfian)

A

language determines thought COMPLETELY.Ex: tribe of ppl who don’t have grammar for past tense dont think about time the same way we do

147
Q

what does the nativist theory of language development state?

A

babies have “language acquisition device” that is most active during the “critical period” up until 8 years old. associated with Noam Chomsky

148
Q

what does the learning/behaviorist theory of language acquisition state?

A

babies learn language through operant conditioning from parents

149
Q

what does the interactionist/social interactionist theory of language acquisition state?

A

associated with Vygotsky. states that childrens desire to communicate with adults leads them to develop language

150
Q

what are the basic structures that comprise the limbic system?

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampusEx: hippo(campus) wearing a HAT

151
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

sensory relay station. smell is the only sense that bypasses the thalamus

152
Q

what is the function of the amygdala?

A

negative emotions, fear, stress anxiety.

153
Q

what is kluver-bucy syndrome?

A

destruction of the amygdala results in decreased inhibition, hyperorality, hypersexuality

154
Q

what is the function of the hippocampus?

A

converts short term memory into long term memory.

155
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

control of autonomic nervous system and basic drives (food thirst sleep sex)

156
Q

positive emotions are associated with the __ side of the brain and negative emotions are associated with the __ side

157
Q

what is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

what makes us “human”. higher level thinking, control over actions/emotions

158
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

“fight or flight”pupils dilate, increase HR, RR, glucose level, adrenalinedecrease digestion/salivation

159
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

“rest and digest”.ipupils CONSTRICT, increase salivation, glucose STORAGE, digestiondecrease HR, RR, adrenaline

160
Q

what are the cognitive aspects of emotion?

A

how you are perceiving/thinking about the situation

161
Q

what is the behavioral aspect of emotion?

A

body language/facial expressions

162
Q

what are the 6 universal emotions?

A

happy, sad, surprised, fear, anger, disgust

163
Q

what is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A

Event–>Physiologic Response–>Interpretation–>Emotion

Interpreting the physiological signs resulting from an event

164
Q

what is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

A

Event–>Physiologic Response+EmotionEmotion+Physiologic response happens at same time

165
Q

What is the Schacter-Singer theory of emotion?

A

Event–>Physiologic Response–>Identify reason for response–>EmotionRequires identifying reason for response

166
Q

what is the Lazarus theory of emotion?

A

Event–>label event(as good/bad)–>emotion+physiologic responseRequires labelling of event before experiencing emotion and physiologic response at same time

167
Q

what is stress?

A

process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats/challenges.

168
Q

what is a stressor?

A

event that is threatening/challenging

169
Q

what is a stress reaction?

A

physical/emotional response to a stressor

170
Q

what is the appraisal theory of stress?

A

2 stages to cognitive appraisal of stress: primary and secondarysecondary only follows primary when stimulus is deemed threatening

171
Q

what is the primary appraisal of stress?

A

initial response to a stressor. can be irrelevant, benign/helpful, or negative.

172
Q

what is the secondary appraisal of stress?

A

evaluation of your ability to cope with the situation

173
Q

what are the 4 major categories of stressors?

A

significant life changes, catastrophic events, daily hassles(most harmful), ambient stressors (pollution, noise, crowding)

174
Q

what is the endocrine response to stress?

A

adrenal medullar releases catecholamines (norepi/epi), adrenal cortex releases cortisol

175
Q

what is the tend and befriend response?

A

oxytocin, respond to stress using support system

176
Q

what are the 3 stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

A

1) Alarm phase (stress rxn kicks in)2) Resistance (fleeing, huddling,cortisol high)3) Exhaustion (resources depleted, tired)

177
Q

what is learned helplessness?

A

learn from having control taken from you that you have no control so you are unable to use coping mechanisms

178
Q

what are some coping mechanisms for stress?

A

meditation, exercise, social support, optimism, religion, cognitive flexibility

179
Q

where is broca’s area located?

A

frontal lobe

180
Q

what stage of sleep is associated with night terrors?

181
Q

what stage of sleep is associated with dreams/nightmares?

182
Q

what is the primary neurotransmitter associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

acetylcholine

183
Q

what is a dysomnia?

A

abnormality in amount/length/quality of sleep

184
Q

what is a parasomnia?

A

abnormal behavior that occurs during sleep

185
Q

spreading activation can cause the creation of

A

false memories

186
Q

conservation of matter is learned

A

DURING concrete operational

187
Q

according to the wechsler scales of intelligence, mean intelligence quotient is

A

100, with a standard deviation of 15

188
Q

remembering residential history/childhood memories is

A

episodic memory

189
Q

what are neuroleptics?

A

antipsychotic drugs that can cause cognitive dulling

190
Q

linguistic relativity asserts that

A

human cognition is affected by language

191
Q

what is the encoding specificity effect?

A

enchanced memory when testing takes place under learning conditions

192
Q

the primacy/recency effect is most pronounced when

A

recall takes place immediately afterward

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