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Premed95 > 9, 10 - Social Structure, Demographics, and Inequality > Flashcards

9, 10 - Social Structure, Demographics, and Inequality Flashcards

1
Q

what is macrosociology?

A

study of large populations and institutions. looking for patterns

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2
Q

what is functionalism?

A

looks at society as a whole and how institutions within that society serve to keep the society functioningsociety is at EQUILIBRIUM

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3
Q

what is conflict theory?

A

idea that large ineqal groups are at odds with eachother and will conflict until resolution (which is an equal society)

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4
Q

what is microsociology?

A

looks at small scale interactions, families and schools

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5
Q

what are sociological examples of an institution?

A

government school religion laws business

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6
Q

what is hidden curriculum?

A

taught at school. stuff like how to stand in line, wait our turn, treat peers

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7
Q

what is family?

A

kinship of blood, marriage, or adoption

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8
Q

what is ecclesia?

A

dominant religion that includes most members of society

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9
Q

what are churches

A

dominant religious bodies in the larger society

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10
Q

what are sects?

A

smaller, established in protest of the larger church

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11
Q

what are cults?

A

short lived radical groups that reject societal norms.

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12
Q

what is secularization?

A

weakening of social and political power of religions

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13
Q

what is fundamentalism?

A

a reaction to secularization, religion goes back to its roots and is very orthodox/strict

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14
Q

what is capitalism?

A

private ownership of means of production, free market economy

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15
Q

what is medicalization?

A

conditions previously considered to be normal become diagnosable and treatable through medicine.Ex: ADD and more c-sections

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16
Q

what is sick role?

A

expectation that you can take a break from working if you are sick but taking too long of a break means you are lazy

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17
Q

what is social epidemiology?

A

looks at health disparty through lens of race, gender, income distribution

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18
Q

Emilie Durkheim is associated with ___

A

functionalism

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19
Q

what is structural functionalism?

A

focuses broadly on social structures that shape society as a whole

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20
Q

what are social facts?

A

ways of thinking and acting formed by society that are immutable/timeless

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21
Q

what is the issue with functionalism?

A

focuses too much on society as a whole and not the individual

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22
Q

conflict theory is associated with who?

A

Karl Marx

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23
Q

in conflict theory, what is the thesis?

A

the current generally accepted state. the “status quo”

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24
Q

in conflict theory, what is the antithesis?

A

the opposing viewpoint to the thesis. is in conflict with the thesis

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25
Q

in conflict theory, what is the synthesis?

A

compromise achieved between thesis and antithesis

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26
Q

what is social constructionism?

A

people shape their reality through social interactions/agreement. things are real because we make them real

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27
Q

what is a social construct?

A

a concept or practice everyone in a society agrees to treat a certain way regardless of inherent value

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28
Q

what is weak social constructionism?

A

social constructs dependent on brute facts or institutional facts

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29
Q

what is a brute fact?

A

basic/fundamental facts. not ascribed by us

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30
Q

what is strong social constructionism?

A

the whole of reality is dependent on language and social habits. all knowledge is social, no such thing as brute fact

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31
Q

what is the definition of symbolic interactionism?

A

takes small scale view of society, society is built of everyday social interactions

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32
Q

what is the basic deal with feminist theory?

A

similar to conflict theory, women are oppressed blah blah

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33
Q

what is rational choice theory?

A

people are not motivated just by money, but by doing whats best for them

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34
Q

what are the 3 components of rational choice theory?

A

completeness (every action can be ranked), transitvity (A>B>C so A>C), independence of irrelevant alternatives (choice X would not affect initial ranking)

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35
Q

what is exchange theory?

A

social application of rational choice theory. states that people do decision making using a cost benefit analysis

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36
Q

what is a dependency ratio?

A

of dependent individuals in a pop/working individuals. is measure of dependency in a population

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37
Q

what is the life course theory?

A

aging is a biopsychosocial process that starts from birth and ends at death

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38
Q

what is the age stratification theory?

A

age is a way of regulating behavior in a generation

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39
Q

what is disengagement theory?

A

talks about how old people deatch from society and become more introspective

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40
Q

what is continuity theory?

A

as person ages, wants to maintain same lifestyle so they try to adapt

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41
Q

what is race?

A

socially defined category based on physical differences

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42
Q

gender is a ___ construct

A

social

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43
Q

what is biological sex?

A

the genes you are born with/sex you are born with

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44
Q

what is gender identity?

A

what gender you internally express (male, female, neither)

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45
Q

what is gender expression?

A

what gender you outwardly express

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46
Q

what is a gender role?

A

societal norms for behavior of a gender

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47
Q

what is gender schema theory?

A

explains how individuals should be gendered in a society

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48
Q

what is a gender script?

A

what we expect men and women to do in interactions based on gender

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49
Q

what is urbanization

A

movement of people from rural to urban areas

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50
Q

what is a cosmopolite?

A

drawn to city for cultural advantages

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51
Q

what is an ethnic village?

A

think: chinatown

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52
Q

what is urban decline?

A

increased crime and bad shit in a city as people move out

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53
Q

what is an exurb?

A

prosperous area outside of a suburb

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54
Q

what is gentrification?

A

reinvestment into low income places, results in increased housing costs and poor people displacement

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55
Q

what are the 3 factors that contribute to a growth rate in a population?

A

fertility, mortality, migration

56
Q

what is fertility?

A

birth rate

57
Q

what is migration?

A

permanent movement of people into or out of country

58
Q

what is mortality?

A

death rate

59
Q

what is a demographic transition?

A

models change in country’s population over time

60
Q

what are the 5 stages of the demographic transition model?

A

1)high birth rate, high death rate2)population increase as death rate decreases3)death rates AND birth rates fall4) equalization between birth and death rate at a low level5) population stabilizes worldwide

61
Q

what is the malthusian theorem

A

states that the world will eventually run out of food

62
Q

what is globalization?

A

sharing of culture money and ideas due to increased international trade

63
Q

what is the worlds systems theory?

A

divides the worlds into 3 types of countries. core(US), periphery(uganda), and semi periphery(india/china)

64
Q

what is modernization theory?

A

states all countries will follow similar path to become modernized. looks at internal social dynamics

65
Q

what is dependency theory?

A

states that periphey countries export their core goods to core countries and therefore will never get out of poverty

66
Q

what is the hyperglobalist perspective?

A

sees globalization as new age in human history, countries become more interdependent

67
Q

what is the skeptical perspective?

A

disagrees with hyperglobalists, states that countries aren’t actually being integrated and the economy isnt leading towards global capitalism

68
Q

what is the transformationalist perspective?

A

believe that national governments and the world are changing

69
Q

what is an activist movement?

A

movement to enact a new change

70
Q

what is a regressive/reactionary movement?

A

movement to RESIST change

71
Q

what is the mass society theory?

A

states that social movements are just a way for people to isolate themself from society

72
Q

what is the relative deprivation theory?

A

people join social movements when they are oppressed

73
Q

what are the 3 things needed for a social movement to develop?

A

relative deprivation(feeling like you dont have enough), feeling of deserving better, and that conventional means to attain your goals are useless

74
Q

what is the resource mobilization theory?

A

looks at the factors that help or hinder a social movement from doing its shit

75
Q

assimilation is ___ level while socialization is ___ level

A

group/ individual

76
Q

what are the rights and obligations of the sick role?

A

person has right to be exempt from normal social obligations and forfeit responsibility for being sickperson is obligated to recover and obligated to seek medical attention if needed

77
Q

what is culture?

A

the way of life shared by a group of individuals

78
Q

what is society?

A

the way people organize themselves. i.e. people who live together in an area

79
Q

what is the relationship between culture and society?

A

culture provides the guidlines for living in society. culture is learned and reshaped.

80
Q

what is high culture?

A

culture that exists in high class society (wealth/formality)

81
Q

what is normative culture

A

culture more in line with mainstream normative society (watching a basketball game)

82
Q

what are the 4 main points of culture?

A

people share culture, cultures is adaptive, culture builds on itself, culture is transmitted

83
Q

what is a subculture?

A

medium subcommunity that distinguishes itself from the larger/dominant community

84
Q

what is a microculture?

A

one that cannot support people through their lifespan, only affect one period of lifeEx: girl scouts, sororities

85
Q

what is a counterculture?

A

group(subculture) with expectations/values that differ strongly with the dominant culture

86
Q

what is culture lag?

A

culture takes time to catch up with technological innovation, resulting in social problemsEx: invention of cars but no laws governing them or traffic/road signs

87
Q

what is material culture?

A

physical and technological aspectsEx: housing, food, cell phones

88
Q

what is non-material culture?

A

ideas, beliefs, values

89
Q

what is culture shock?

A

feeling of disorientation/uncertainty/fear when encountering unfamiliar cultural practicesEx: muslim guy in europe getting offended by unmarried couple kissing in public

90
Q

what is diffusion?

A

spread of invention/discovery/ideas to other parts of world.Ex: mcdonalds in india

91
Q

what is cultural assimilation?

A

interpretation and fusion of ethnic minority into dominant culture

92
Q

what is mass media?

A

dissemination of info and how its transmitted in cultureEx: print media, tv, online

93
Q

what is the functionalist view of mass media?

A

entertainment/agent of socialization (enforcer of social norms)

94
Q

what is the conflict theory view of mass media?

A

how media portrays/reflects divisions between classes in society

95
Q

what is gatekeeping?

A

process by which small number of people or corporations control what info is presented in media

96
Q

what is tokenism?

A

token black guy/minority in a tv show

97
Q

what is the feminist view of mass media?

A

gendered razors and shit, similar to conflict theory

98
Q

what is the interactionist view on mass media?

A

looks at how mass media blurs line between solitary and group activitesEx: can’t talk in movie theater with group of friends

99
Q

what is cultural transmission?

A

how culture is passed from generation to generation

100
Q

what is the glass ceiling effect?

A

females poorly represented in higher positions

101
Q

what is horizontal mobility?

A

movement within same classEx: accountant gets new job as accountant

102
Q

what is vertical mobility?

A

move up or down social hierarchyEx: manager becomes CEO at fast food place

103
Q

what is the caste system?

A

born with, very little vertical mobility

104
Q

what is a class system?

A

allows degree of social mobility

105
Q

what is a meritocracy?

A

social position achieved solely based on personal ability and achievement

106
Q

what is intragenerational mobility?

A

change in social class during ones own lifetime

107
Q

what is intergenerational mobility?

A

change in social class between generationsEx: son studies and gets rich

108
Q

what is absolute poverty?

A

level required to survive

109
Q

what is relative poverty?

A

percentage below median of country. does not challenge survival but exlcudes them from society

110
Q

what is social reproduction?

A

reproducing social inequalityEx: rich kid from rich parents

111
Q

what is financial capital?

A

money and a$$ets

112
Q

what is social capital?

A

network of relationships and connections that give opportunites and advantages

113
Q

what is cultural capital?

A

non financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economicsEx: parents are rich so you can travel and be socially aware and know how to tie a tie etcs

114
Q

what is the poverty magnet?

A

draws people away from core part of society, leads to social exclusion

115
Q

what is the ill health magnet?

A

can draw people away by making them sick, cant participate in society

116
Q

what is the discrimination magnet?

A

discriminated people dragged away from core society

117
Q

what is segregation?

A

separating groups of people and giving access to separate resources

118
Q

what is social isolation?

A

voluntary isolation from society/mainstream

119
Q

what is the deal of environmental justice?

A

areas with high poverty often have few environmental benefits like parks and recreation.looks at fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens across social groups

120
Q

what is environmental burden?

A

usually located near areas of heavy industry/waste facilities/manufacturing/airports and shit

121
Q

what is residential segregation?

A

groups of people separate into different neighborhoods based on race and income level

122
Q

what is concentration?

A

clusters of groups in segregated communities

123
Q

what is centralization?

A

segregation+concentration in a central areaEx: harlem

124
Q

what is index of dissimilarity?

A

measure of level of segregation0 is totally segregated, 100 is perfectly distributed

125
Q

what is spatial mismatch?

A

opportunities for low income people are farther away and harder to access(literally, the jobs are far away)

126
Q

what is intersectionality?

A

multiple ways to discriminate against people

127
Q

what is social proof?

A

basically equivalent to INFORMATIONAL social influence

128
Q

is relative poverty harder or easier to measure?

A

HARDER

129
Q

are dyadic or tryadic groups more stable?

A

tryadic

130
Q

mead is a

A

interactionist

131
Q

what is a social fact, as defined by durkheim?

A

elements that serve a function in society

132
Q

what is social learning?

A

states that people learn through observing others

133
Q

what does behaviorism say about learning?

A

rewards/punishment

134
Q

what is the generalized other?

A

common behavioral expectations of society

135
Q

the more highly assimilated an immigrant group is the more likely they have

A

worse health outcomes

136
Q

functionalism makes a distinction between

A

manifest and latent functions of societal activites/structures

Premed95 (20 decks)

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