9, 10 - Social Structure, Demographics, and Inequality Flashcards
1
Q
what is macrosociology?
A
study of large populations and institutions. looking for patterns
2
Q
what is functionalism?
A
looks at society as a whole and how institutions within that society serve to keep the society functioningsociety is at EQUILIBRIUM
3
Q
what is conflict theory?
A
idea that large ineqal groups are at odds with eachother and will conflict until resolution (which is an equal society)
4
Q
what is microsociology?
A
looks at small scale interactions, families and schools
5
Q
what are sociological examples of an institution?
A
government school religion laws business
6
Q
what is hidden curriculum?
A
taught at school. stuff like how to stand in line, wait our turn, treat peers
7
Q
what is family?
A
kinship of blood, marriage, or adoption
8
Q
what is ecclesia?
A
dominant religion that includes most members of society
9
Q
what are churches
A
dominant religious bodies in the larger society
10
Q
what are sects?
A
smaller, established in protest of the larger church
11
Q
what are cults?
A
short lived radical groups that reject societal norms.
12
Q
what is secularization?
A
weakening of social and political power of religions
13
Q
what is fundamentalism?
A
a reaction to secularization, religion goes back to its roots and is very orthodox/strict
14
Q
what is capitalism?
A
private ownership of means of production, free market economy
15
Q
what is medicalization?
A
conditions previously considered to be normal become diagnosable and treatable through medicine.Ex: ADD and more c-sections
16
Q
what is sick role?
A
expectation that you can take a break from working if you are sick but taking too long of a break means you are lazy
17
Q
what is social epidemiology?
A
looks at health disparty through lens of race, gender, income distribution
18
Q
Emilie Durkheim is associated with ___
A
functionalism
19
Q
what is structural functionalism?
A
focuses broadly on social structures that shape society as a whole
20
Q
what are social facts?
A
ways of thinking and acting formed by society that are immutable/timeless
21
Q
what is the issue with functionalism?
A
focuses too much on society as a whole and not the individual
22
Q
conflict theory is associated with who?
A
Karl Marx
23
Q
in conflict theory, what is the thesis?
A
the current generally accepted state. the “status quo”
24
Q
in conflict theory, what is the antithesis?
A
the opposing viewpoint to the thesis. is in conflict with the thesis
25
in conflict theory, what is the synthesis?
compromise achieved between thesis and antithesis
26
what is social constructionism?
people shape their reality through social interactions/agreement. things are real because we make them real
27
what is a social construct?
a concept or practice everyone in a society agrees to treat a certain way regardless of inherent value
28
what is weak social constructionism?
social constructs dependent on brute facts or institutional facts
29
what is a brute fact?
basic/fundamental facts. not ascribed by us
30
what is strong social constructionism?
the whole of reality is dependent on language and social habits. all knowledge is social, no such thing as brute fact
31
what is the definition of symbolic interactionism?
takes small scale view of society, society is built of everyday social interactions
32
what is the basic deal with feminist theory?
similar to conflict theory, women are oppressed blah blah
33
what is rational choice theory?
people are not motivated just by money, but by doing whats best for them
34
what are the 3 components of rational choice theory?
completeness (every action can be ranked), transitvity (A>B>C so A>C), independence of irrelevant alternatives (choice X would not affect initial ranking)
35
what is exchange theory?
social application of rational choice theory. states that people do decision making using a cost benefit analysis
36
what is a dependency ratio?
of dependent individuals in a pop/working individuals. is measure of dependency in a population
37
what is the life course theory?
aging is a biopsychosocial process that starts from birth and ends at death
38
what is the age stratification theory?
age is a way of regulating behavior in a generation
39
what is disengagement theory?
talks about how old people deatch from society and become more introspective
40
what is continuity theory?
as person ages, wants to maintain same lifestyle so they try to adapt
41
what is race?
socially defined category based on physical differences
42
gender is a ___ construct
social
43
what is biological sex?
the genes you are born with/sex you are born with
44
what is gender identity?
what gender you internally express (male, female, neither)
45
what is gender expression?
what gender you outwardly express
46
what is a gender role?
societal norms for behavior of a gender
47
what is gender schema theory?
explains how individuals should be gendered in a society
48
what is a gender script?
what we expect men and women to do in interactions based on gender
49
what is urbanization
movement of people from rural to urban areas
50
what is a cosmopolite?
drawn to city for cultural advantages
51
what is an ethnic village?
think: chinatown
52
what is urban decline?
increased crime and bad shit in a city as people move out
53
what is an exurb?
prosperous area outside of a suburb
54
what is gentrification?
reinvestment into low income places, results in increased housing costs and poor people displacement
55
what are the 3 factors that contribute to a growth rate in a population?
fertility, mortality, migration
56
what is fertility?
birth rate
57
what is migration?
permanent movement of people into or out of country
58
what is mortality?
death rate
59
what is a demographic transition?
models change in country's population over time
60
what are the 5 stages of the demographic transition model?
1)high birth rate, high death rate2)population increase as death rate decreases3)death rates AND birth rates fall4) equalization between birth and death rate at a low level5) population stabilizes worldwide
61
what is the malthusian theorem
states that the world will eventually run out of food
62
what is globalization?
sharing of culture money and ideas due to increased international trade
63
what is the worlds systems theory?
divides the worlds into 3 types of countries. core(US), periphery(uganda), and semi periphery(india/china)
64
what is modernization theory?
states all countries will follow similar path to become modernized. looks at internal social dynamics
65
what is dependency theory?
states that periphey countries export their core goods to core countries and therefore will never get out of poverty
66
what is the hyperglobalist perspective?
sees globalization as new age in human history, countries become more interdependent
67
what is the skeptical perspective?
disagrees with hyperglobalists, states that countries aren't actually being integrated and the economy isnt leading towards global capitalism
68
what is the transformationalist perspective?
believe that national governments and the world are changing
69
what is an activist movement?
movement to enact a new change
70
what is a regressive/reactionary movement?
movement to RESIST change
71
what is the mass society theory?
states that social movements are just a way for people to isolate themself from society
72
what is the relative deprivation theory?
people join social movements when they are oppressed
73
what are the 3 things needed for a social movement to develop?
relative deprivation(feeling like you dont have enough), feeling of deserving better, and that conventional means to attain your goals are useless
74
what is the resource mobilization theory?
looks at the factors that help or hinder a social movement from doing its shit
75
assimilation is ___ level while socialization is ___ level
group/ individual
76
what are the rights and obligations of the sick role?
person has right to be exempt from normal social obligations and forfeit responsibility for being sickperson is obligated to recover and obligated to seek medical attention if needed
77
what is culture?
the way of life shared by a group of individuals
78
what is society?
the way people organize themselves. i.e. people who live together in an area
79
what is the relationship between culture and society?
culture provides the guidlines for living in society. culture is learned and reshaped.
80
what is high culture?
culture that exists in high class society (wealth/formality)
81
what is normative culture
culture more in line with mainstream normative society (watching a basketball game)
82
what are the 4 main points of culture?
people share culture, cultures is adaptive, culture builds on itself, culture is transmitted
83
what is a subculture?
medium subcommunity that distinguishes itself from the larger/dominant community
84
what is a microculture?
one that cannot support people through their lifespan, only affect one period of lifeEx: girl scouts, sororities
85
what is a counterculture?
group(subculture) with expectations/values that differ strongly with the dominant culture
86
what is culture lag?
culture takes time to catch up with technological innovation, resulting in social problemsEx: invention of cars but no laws governing them or traffic/road signs
87
what is material culture?
physical and technological aspects Ex: housing, food, cell phones
88
what is non-material culture?
ideas, beliefs, values
89
what is culture shock?
feeling of disorientation/uncertainty/fear when encountering unfamiliar cultural practicesEx: muslim guy in europe getting offended by unmarried couple kissing in public
90
what is diffusion?
spread of invention/discovery/ideas to other parts of world.Ex: mcdonalds in india
91
what is cultural assimilation?
interpretation and fusion of ethnic minority into dominant culture
92
what is mass media?
dissemination of info and how its transmitted in cultureEx: print media, tv, online
93
what is the functionalist view of mass media?
entertainment/agent of socialization (enforcer of social norms)
94
what is the conflict theory view of mass media?
how media portrays/reflects divisions between classes in society
95
what is gatekeeping?
process by which small number of people or corporations control what info is presented in media
96
what is tokenism?
token black guy/minority in a tv show
97
what is the feminist view of mass media?
gendered razors and shit, similar to conflict theory
98
what is the interactionist view on mass media?
looks at how mass media blurs line between solitary and group activitesEx: can't talk in movie theater with group of friends
99
what is cultural transmission?
how culture is passed from generation to generation
100
what is the glass ceiling effect?
females poorly represented in higher positions
101
what is horizontal mobility?
movement within same classEx: accountant gets new job as accountant
102
what is vertical mobility?
move up or down social hierarchyEx: manager becomes CEO at fast food place
103
what is the caste system?
born with, very little vertical mobility
104
what is a class system?
allows degree of social mobility
105
what is a meritocracy?
social position achieved solely based on personal ability and achievement
106
what is intragenerational mobility?
change in social class during ones own lifetime
107
what is intergenerational mobility?
change in social class between generationsEx: son studies and gets rich
108
what is absolute poverty?
level required to survive
109
what is relative poverty?
percentage below median of country. does not challenge survival but exlcudes them from society
110
what is social reproduction?
reproducing social inequalityEx: rich kid from rich parents
111
what is financial capital?
money and a$$ets
112
what is social capital?
network of relationships and connections that give opportunites and advantages
113
what is cultural capital?
non financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economicsEx: parents are rich so you can travel and be socially aware and know how to tie a tie etcs
114
what is the poverty magnet?
draws people away from core part of society, leads to social exclusion
115
what is the ill health magnet?
can draw people away by making them sick, cant participate in society
116
what is the discrimination magnet?
discriminated people dragged away from core society
117
what is segregation?
separating groups of people and giving access to separate resources
118
what is social isolation?
voluntary isolation from society/mainstream
119
what is the deal of environmental justice?
areas with high poverty often have few environmental benefits like parks and recreation.looks at fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens across social groups
120
what is environmental burden?
usually located near areas of heavy industry/waste facilities/manufacturing/airports and shit
121
what is residential segregation?
groups of people separate into different neighborhoods based on race and income level
122
what is concentration?
clusters of groups in segregated communities
123
what is centralization?
segregation+concentration in a central areaEx: harlem
124
what is index of dissimilarity?
measure of level of segregation0 is totally segregated, 100 is perfectly distributed
125
what is spatial mismatch?
opportunities for low income people are farther away and harder to access(literally, the jobs are far away)
126
what is intersectionality?
multiple ways to discriminate against people
127
what is social proof?
basically equivalent to INFORMATIONAL social influence
128
is relative poverty harder or easier to measure?
HARDER
129
are dyadic or tryadic groups more stable?
tryadic
130
mead is a
interactionist
131
what is a social fact, as defined by durkheim?
elements that serve a function in society
132
what is social learning?
states that people learn through observing others
133
what does behaviorism say about learning?
rewards/punishment
134
what is the generalized other?
common behavioral expectations of society
135
the more highly assimilated an immigrant group is the more likely they have
worse health outcomes
136
functionalism makes a distinction between
manifest and latent functions of societal activites/structures
