Chapters 33 & 34 Review Flashcards
What is Biology?
the study of life
All living organisms show some degree of order or organization. What is the smallest functional unit that exhibits all of the characteristics of life and order?
cell
What are the products in the hydrolysis of ATP?
ADP, phosphate, and energy
How many covalent bonds is a carbon atom able to form with other compounds or elements?
4
Organic molecules that catalyze reactions in living systems are what?
enzymes
the coumpound that is stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants is what?
glucose
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures are called what?
isomers
Amino acids become linked together by peptide bonds during ___ reactions.
Condensation
How many different types of monomers are found in proteins?
20
What are the four major macromolecules of life?
carbohydrates; lipids; proteins; nucleic acids
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
monosaccharide
As a cell becomes smaller, its surface area ___ relative to its volume.
increases
Which scientist was described cells as “many little boxes”?
Robert Hool
What is the primary function of the mitochondria?
produce energy for cell activity
What structures would be found in a prokaryote?
ribosome, cytoplasm, plasmid
Which organelle performs the function of photosynthesis in a plant?
chloroplast
What three types of molecules make up the cell membrane?
phospholipids, proteins, sterols
What is one of the primary functions of the plasma membrane?
controls what moves into and out of the cell
Which eukaryotic organelle is responsible for packaging and exporting proteins?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
What is the movement of water through a cell membrane called?
osmosis
What are some types of passive transport?
osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion
Why is active transport considered to be an active rather than a passive process?
it requires energy
During the G0 phase, cells do what?
exict the cell cycle
During cell division, the DNA of a eukaryotic cell is tightly packed and coiled into structures called what?
chromosomes
Most prokaryotic cells reproduce by a process called what?
binry fission
two similar copies of each autosome that carry the same traits and are the same size and shape are what?
homologues
What is the end result of mitosis?
Two identical diploid cells
What is the purpose of synapsis and crossing-over in eukaryotic cells?
ensure genetic variability of offspring
What happens when crossing-over occurs?
corresponding genes are exchanged between homologues
If an organism has a diploid number of 28, what will its haploid number be?
14
Bases complementary to adenine and guanine in DNA are respectively
Thymine and cytosine
Base-pairing rules dicate that a strand of DNA with the base sequence of ATCGTCAATC will form an opposite bs sequence of
TAGCAGTTAG
If the percentage of thymine on a DNA strand is 40%, what will the percentage of guanine be?
10%
Amino acids are assembled based on instructions encoded in teh sequence of necleotides on the
mRNA
translation takes place in/on the what?
ribosome
During the synthesis of protein, new mRNA is made by what process?
transcription
Base-pairing rules dictate in DNA replication that a strand of DNA with the base sequence of GTAATCATG will form an opposite base sequence of ___.
CATTAGTAC
List three items found in a molecule of nucleic acid
deoxyribose, phosphate, cytosine
the father of genetics
Gregor Mendel
Describe Gregor Mendel
a monk; a statistician; a gardener; Austrian
An organism having two different alleles for a trait
heterozygous
a tRNA with the anticodon GCA will bond with the codon ___.
CGU
In prokaryotic cells, DNA replication takes place in/on the ___.
Nucleoid