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Memoria Press Modern Biolgoy > Chapter 24 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biology?

A

the study of life

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2
Q

All living organisms show some degree of order or organization. What is the smallest functional unit that exhibits all of the characteristics of life and order?

A

cell

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3
Q

What are the products in the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

ADP, phosphate, and energy

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4
Q

How many covalent bonds is a carbon atom able to form with other compounds or elements?

A

4

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5
Q

Organic molecules that catalyze reactions in living systems are what?

A

enzymes

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6
Q

the coumpound that is stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants is what?

A

glucose

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7
Q

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures are called what?

A

isomers

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8
Q

Amino acids become linked together by peptide bonds during ___ reactions.

A

Condensation

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9
Q

How many different types of monomers are found in proteins?

A

20

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10
Q

What are the four major macromolecules of life?

A

carbohydrates; lipids; proteins; nucleic acids

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11
Q

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

A

monosaccharide

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12
Q

As a cell becomes smaller, its surface area ___ relative to its volume.

A

increases

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13
Q

Which scientist was described cells as “many little boxes”?

A

Robert Hool

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14
Q

What is the primary function of the mitochondria?

A

produce energy for cell activity

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15
Q

What structures would be found in a prokaryote?

A

ribosome, cytoplasm, plasmid

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16
Q

Which organelle performs the function of photosynthesis in a plant?

A

chloroplast

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17
Q

What three types of molecules make up the cell membrane?

A

phospholipids, proteins, sterols

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18
Q

What is one of the primary functions of the plasma membrane?

A

controls what moves into and out of the cell

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19
Q

Which eukaryotic organelle is responsible for packaging and exporting proteins?

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

What is the movement of water through a cell membrane called?

A

osmosis

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21
Q

What are some types of passive transport?

A

osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion

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22
Q

Why is active transport considered to be an active rather than a passive process?

A

it requires energy

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23
Q

During the G0 phase, cells do what?

A

exict the cell cycle

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24
Q

During cell division, the DNA of a eukaryotic cell is tightly packed and coiled into structures called what?

A

chromosomes

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25
Q

Most prokaryotic cells reproduce by a process called what?

A

binry fission

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26
Q

two similar copies of each autosome that carry the same traits and are the same size and shape are what?

A

homologues

27
Q

What is the end result of mitosis?

A

Two identical diploid cells

28
Q

What is the purpose of synapsis and crossing-over in eukaryotic cells?

A

ensure genetic variability of offspring

29
Q

What happens when crossing-over occurs?

A

corresponding genes are exchanged between homologues

30
Q

If an organism has a diploid number of 28, what will its haploid number be?

A

14

31
Q

Bases complementary to adenine and guanine in DNA are respectively

A

Thymine and cytosine

32
Q

Base-pairing rules dicate that a strand of DNA with the base sequence of ATCGTCAATC will form an opposite bs sequence of

A

TAGCAGTTAG

33
Q

If the percentage of thymine on a DNA strand is 40%, what will the percentage of guanine be?

A

10%

34
Q

Amino acids are assembled based on instructions encoded in teh sequence of necleotides on the

A

mRNA

35
Q

translation takes place in/on the what?

A

ribosome

36
Q

During the synthesis of protein, new mRNA is made by what process?

A

transcription

37
Q

Base-pairing rules dictate in DNA replication that a strand of DNA with the base sequence of GTAATCATG will form an opposite base sequence of ___.

A

CATTAGTAC

38
Q

List three items found in a molecule of nucleic acid

A

deoxyribose, phosphate, cytosine

39
Q

the father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

40
Q

Describe Gregor Mendel

A

a monk; a statistician; a gardener; Austrian

41
Q

An organism having two different alleles for a trait

A

heterozygous

42
Q

a tRNA with the anticodon GCA will bond with the codon ___.

A

CGU

43
Q

In prokaryotic cells, DNA replication takes place in/on the ___.

A

Nucleoid

44
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a gene sequence that is different than the parent gene

45
Q

bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics by doing what?

A

acquiring an R-plasmid for resistance

46
Q

Which prokaryote would you most likely find in hot acidic water?

A

thermoacidophile

47
Q

Which of the following bacteria would you most likely find in the human intestine?

A

enteric

48
Q

Photoautotrophic bacteria obtain energy

A

from the sun

49
Q

Which type(s) of bacteria will be destroyed by the presence of oxygen?

A

obligate anaerobes

50
Q

Many bacteria have pili that are used to what?

A

adhere to surfaces and join bacteria cells for conjugation

51
Q

Which of the following bacteria are thought to be responsible for establishing the Earth’s oxygen-rich atmosphere?

A

cyanobacteria

52
Q

A bacteria that is nitrogen fixing does what

A

converts atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate

53
Q

How does the antibiotic tetracycline attack bacteria?

A

by blocking protein synthesis

54
Q

the small circular replicting loops of DNA that carry the genes to help make bacteria antibiotic resistant are called what?

A

plasmids

55
Q

Most foodborne illness is transmitted by ___.

A

undercooked or raw meat

56
Q

Name the 3 primary bacterial shapes.

A

bacillus, coccus, spirillum

57
Q

Name some structures you would find in a bacteria cell.

A

ribosome, plasmid, DNA

58
Q

A Gram-negative bacteria stains ___ because it has a ___ amount of peptidoglycan in its cell wall?

A

pink; small

59
Q

The purpose of the endospore inside bacterium is to do what?

A

allow it to regenerate if it is destroyed

60
Q

Once inside a cell, what enzyme allows a retrovirus to produce thousands of new viruses?

A

reverse transcriptase

61
Q

How is the viral lytic cycle different from the lysogenic cycle?

A

The lytic cycle begins viral replication immediately on access to a cell.

62
Q

A viral disease that occurs in childhood and may reappear in adulthood in different form is ___.

A

chickenpox

63
Q

Viral hepatitis most commonly affects which organ?

A

liver

Memoria Press Modern Biolgoy (29 decks)

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