Chapter 8 Review

Question 1

What is Biology?

Answer 1

the study of life

Question 2

All living organisms show some degree of order or organization. What is the smallest functional unit that exhibits all of the characteristics of life and order?

Answer 2

cell

Question 3

What are the products in the hydrolysis of ATP?

Answer 3

ADP, phosphate, and energy

Question 4

How many covalent bonds is a carbon atom able to form with other compounds or elements?

Answer 4

4

Question 5

Organic molecules that catalyze reactions in living systems are what?

Answer 5

enzymes

Question 6

the coumpound that is stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants is what?

Answer 6

glucose

Question 7

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures are called what?

Answer 7

isomers

Question 8

Amino acids become linked together by peptide bonds during ___ reactions.

Answer 8

Condensation

Question 9

How many different types of monomers are found in proteins?

Answer 9

20

Question 10

What are the four major macromolecules of life?

Answer 10

carbohydrates; lipids; proteins; nucleic acids

Question 11

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

Answer 11

monosaccharide

Question 12

As a cell becomes smaller, its surface area ___ relative to its volume.

Answer 12

increases

Question 13

Which scientist was described cells as “many little boxes”?

Answer 13

Robert Hool

Question 14

What is the primary function of the mitochondria?

Answer 14

produce energy for cell activity

Question 15

What structures would be found in a prokaryote?

Answer 15

ribosome, cytoplasm, plasmid

Question 16

Which organelle performs the function of photosynthesis in a plant?

Answer 16

chloroplast

Question 17

What three types of molecules make up the cell membrane?

Answer 17

phospholipids, proteins, sterols

Question 18

What is one of the primary functions of the plasma membrane?

Answer 18

controls what moves into and out of the cell

Question 19

Which eukaryotic organelle is responsible for packaging and exporting proteins?

Answer 19

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 20

What is the movement of water through a cell membrane called?

Answer 20

osmosis

Question 21

What are some types of passive transport?

Answer 21

osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion

Question 22

Why is active transport considered to be an active rather than a passive process?

Answer 22

it requires energy

Question 23

During the G₀ phase, cells do what?

Answer 23

exict the cell cycle

Question 24

During cell division, the DNA of a eukaryotic cell is tightly packed and coiled into structures called what?

Answer 24

chromosomes

Question 25

Most prokaryotic cells reproduce by a process called what?

Answer 25

binry fission

Question 26

two similar copies of each autosome that carry the same traits and are the same size and shape are what?

Answer 26

homologues

Question 27

What is the end result of mitosis?

Answer 27

Two identical diploid cells

Question 28

What is the purpose of synapsis and crossing-over in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 28

ensure genetic variability of offspring

Question 29

What happens when crossing-over occurs?

Answer 29

corresponding genes are exchanged between homologues

Question 30

If an organism has a diploid number of 28, what will its haploid number be?

Answer 30

14