Chapter 32 Review Flashcards
What is Biology?
the study of life
All living organisms show some degree of order or organization. What is the smallest functional unit that exhibits all of the characteristics of life and order?
cell
What are the products in the hydrolysis of ATP?
ADP, phosphate, and energy
How many covalent bonds is a carbon atom able to form with other compounds or elements?
4
Organic molecules that catalyze reactions in living systems are what?
enzymes
the coumpound that is stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants is what?
glucose
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures are called what?
isomers
Amino acids become linked together by peptide bonds during ___ reactions.
Condensation
How many different types of monomers are found in proteins?
20
What are the four major macromolecules of life?
carbohydrates; lipids; proteins; nucleic acids
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
monosaccharide
As a cell becomes smaller, its surface area ___ relative to its volume.
increases
Which scientist was described cells as “many little boxes”?
Robert Hool
What is the primary function of the mitochondria?
produce energy for cell activity
What structures would be found in a prokaryote?
ribosome, cytoplasm, plasmid
Which organelle performs the function of photosynthesis in a plant?
chloroplast
What three types of molecules make up the cell membrane?
phospholipids, proteins, sterols
What is one of the primary functions of the plasma membrane?
controls what moves into and out of the cell
Which eukaryotic organelle is responsible for packaging and exporting proteins?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
What is the movement of water through a cell membrane called?
osmosis
What are some types of passive transport?
osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion
Why is active transport considered to be an active rather than a passive process?
it requires energy
During the G0 phase, cells do what?
exict the cell cycle
During cell division, the DNA of a eukaryotic cell is tightly packed and coiled into structures called what?
chromosomes
Most prokaryotic cells reproduce by a process called what?
binry fission
two similar copies of each autosome that carry the same traits and are the same size and shape are what?
homologues
What is the end result of mitosis?
Two identical diploid cells
What is the purpose of synapsis and crossing-over in eukaryotic cells?
ensure genetic variability of offspring
What happens when crossing-over occurs?
corresponding genes are exchanged between homologues
If an organism has a diploid number of 28, what will its haploid number be?
14
Bases complementary to adenine and guanine in DNA are respectively
Thymine and cytosine
Base-pairing rules dicate that a strand of DNA with the base sequence of ATCGTCAATC will form an opposite bs sequence of
TAGCAGTTAG
If the percentage of thymine on a DNA strand is 40%, what will the percentage of guanine be?
10%
Amino acids are assembled based on instructions encoded in teh sequence of necleotides on the
mRNA
translation takes place in/on the what?
ribosome
During the synthesis of protein, new mRNA is made by what process?
transcription
Base-pairing rules dictate in DNA replication that a strand of DNA with the base sequence of GTAATCATG will form an opposite base sequence of ___.
CATTAGTAC
List three items found in a molecule of nucleic acid
deoxyribose, phosphate, cytosine
the father of genetics
Gregor Mendel
Describe Gregor Mendel
a monk; a statistician; a gardener; Austrian
An organism having two different alleles for a trait
heterozygous
a tRNA with the anticodon GCA will bond with the codon ___.
CGU
In prokaryotic cells, DNA replication takes place in/on the ___.
Nucleoid
What is a mutation?
a gene sequence that is different than the parent gene
bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics by doing what?
acquiring an R-plasmid for resistance
Which prokaryote would you most likely find in hot acidic water?
thermoacidophile
Which of the following bacteria would you most likely find in the human intestine?
enteric
Photoautotrophic bacteria obtain energy
from the sun
Which type(s) of bacteria will be destroyed by the presence of oxygen?
obligate anaerobes
Many bacteria have pili that are used to what?
adhere to surfaces and join bacteria cells for conjugation
Which of the following bacteria are thought to be responsible for establishing the Earth’s oxygen-rich atmosphere?
cyanobacteria
A bacteria that is nitrogen fixing does what
converts atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate
How does the antibiotic tetracycline attack bacteria?
by blocking protein synthesis
the small circular replicting loops of DNA that carry the genes to help make bacteria antibiotic resistant are called what?
plasmids
Most foodborne illness is transmitted by ___.
undercooked or raw meat
Name the 3 primary bacterial shapes.
bacillus, coccus, spirillum
Name some structures you would find in a bacteria cell.
ribosome, plasmid, DNA
A Gram-negative bacteria stains ___ because it has a ___ amount of peptidoglycan in its cell wall?
pink; small
The purpose of the endospore inside bacterium is to do what?
allow it to regenerate if it is destroyed
Once inside a cell, what enzyme allows a retrovirus to produce thousands of new viruses?
reverse transcriptase
How is the viral lytic cycle different from the lysogenic cycle?
The lytic cycle begins viral replication immediately on access to a cell.
A viral disease that occurs in childhood and may reappear in adulthood in different form is ___.
chickenpox
Viral hepatitis most commonly affects which organ?
liver
Protists are thought to have evolved over time from a larger prokaryote engulfing a smaller one until they were unique and separate organisms. This characteristic is termed ____.
endosymbiosis
The internal flowing of an organism’s cytoplasm is called what?
cytoplasmic streaming
Which phylum of protist has no means of locomotion in adult form?
apicomplexa
pigments that trap light in green algae are called what?
chlorophyll
Diatoms are unicellular protists from which phylum?
bacillariophyta
protists from the phylum Myxomycota are also known as what?
plasmodial slime molds
Why are the plantlike protists classified as protists and not plants?
they have no roots, stems, or leaves
In a plant, the movement of sugar from its place of production to its place of storage is ___.
translocation
The opening and closing of stomata are regulated by the presence of which mineral?
potassium
What are the three basic organs of a plant?
roots, stems, and leaves
The plant structure found on the end of a stem or root where cells continuously divide is ___.
apical meristem
Sceondary growth in plants occurs from which structure?
lateral meristem
In a stem cross section, an annual ring represents an abrupt change between what?
summerwood and springwood
The driving force for transpiration is provided by what?
evaporation of water from the leaves
Water movement from the plant roots up to the stem relies on which two properties?
cohesion and adhesion
the process by which a plant moves and the loses water is called ___.
transpiration
Funguslike protists will generally form fruiting bodies when ___.
they get hungry and thirsty, they run out of food and water, or the weather turns cold
What occurs immediately following fertilization?
cleavage
A fluid-filled cavity that forms following gastrulation is called a ___.
coelom
The deep cavity that becomes the gut during embryonic development is the ___.
archenteron
Animals that have no body cavity and have a solid interior are called ___.
acoelomates
The process of coelom formation in protostomes is called ___.
schizocoely
Which phylum is a jellyfish in?
cnidaria
Which phylum is a flatworm in?
platyhelminthes
Which phylum is a sea star in?
echinodermata
Which phylum is a segmented worm in?
annelida
Which phylum is a roundworm in?
nematoda
Which phylum is a sponge in?
porifera
Most vertebrate embryos that are hatched or born undergo which type of development?
direct
The fate of the blastopore in a protostome is to become the ___.
mouth
When the fate of a cell is fixed late in its development, the cleavage is said to be ___.
indeterminate
Which phylum is an octopus in?
mollusca
Which phylum is a rotifer in?
rotifera
Which phylum is a lobster in?
arthropoda
