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Medical Terminology > Chapter 9: Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

sphincter muscles

A

muscles that encircle a duct to contract or expand the duct, hold the urine in place.

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2
Q

micturition

A

Excreting urine; voiding

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3
Q

bladder

A

Organ where urine collects before being excreted from the body.

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4
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

After Sir William Bowman (1816–1892), English anatomist; Capsule surrounding a glomerulus and serving as a collection site for urine.

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5
Q

calices, calyces (sing., calix, calyx)

A

Cup-shaped structures in the renal pelvis for the collection of urine.

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6
Q

cortex

A

Outer portion of the kidney.

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7
Q

creatine

A

Substance found in urine; elevated levels may indicate muscular dystrophy.

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8
Q

creatinine

A

A component of creatine.

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9
Q

filtration

A

Process of separating solids from a liquid by passing it through a porous substance.

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10
Q

glomerulus (pl., glomeruli)

A

Group of capillaries in a nephron.

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11
Q

hilum

A

Portion of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit.

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12
Q

kidney

A

Organ that forms urine and reabsorbs essential substances back into the bloodstream.

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13
Q

meatus

A

External opening of a canal, such as the urethra.

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14
Q

medulla

A

Soft, central portion of the kidney.

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15
Q

nephron

A

Functional unit of a kidney.

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16
Q

prostate

A

Gland surrounding the urethra in the male; active in ejaculation of semen.

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17
Q

reabsorption

A

Process of returning essential elements to the bloodstream after filtration.

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18
Q

renal pelvis

A

Collecting area for urine in the center of the kidney.

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19
Q

renin

A

Enzyme produced in the kidneys to regulate the filtration rate of blood by increasing blood pressure as necessary.

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20
Q

retroperitoneal

A

Posterior to the peritoneum.

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21
Q

trigone

A

Triangular area at the base of the bladder through which the ureters enter and the urethra exits the bladder.

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22
Q

urea

A

Waste product of nitrogen metabolism excreted in normal adult urine.

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23
Q

ureter

A

One of two tubes that conduct urine from the kidney to the bladder.

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24
Q

urethra

A

Tube through which urine is transported from the bladder to the exterior of the body.

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25
Q

uric acid

A

Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine.

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26
Q

urinary system

A

Body system that forms and excretes urine and helps in the reabsorption of essential substances.

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27
Q

urine

A

Fluid excreted by the urinary system.

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28
Q

cali(o), calic(o)

A

calix

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29
Q

cyst(o)

A

bladder, especially the urinary bladder

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30
Q

glomerul(o)

A

glomerulus

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31
Q

meat(o)

A

meatus

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32
Q

nephr(o)

A

kidney

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33
Q

pyel(o)

A

renal pelvis

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34
Q

ren(o)

A

kidney

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35
Q

trigon(o)

A

trigone

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36
Q

ur(o), urin(o)

A

urine

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37
Q

ureter(o)

A

ureter

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38
Q

urethr(o)

A

urethra

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39
Q

-uria

A

of urine

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40
Q

vesic(o)

A

bladder, generally used when describing something in relation to a bladder

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41
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

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42
Q

A/G

A

albumin/globulin

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43
Q

AGN

A

acute glomerulonephritis

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44
Q

ARF

A

acute renal failure

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45
Q

BNO

A

bladder neck obstruction

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46
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen

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47
Q

CAPD

A

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

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48
Q

Cath

A

catheter

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49
Q

CRF

A

chronic renal failure

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50
Q

ESRD

A

end-stage renal disease

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51
Q

ESWL

A

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

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52
Q

HD

A

hemodialysis

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53
Q

IVP

A

intravenous pyelogram

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54
Q

K +

A

potassium

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55
Q

KUB

A

kidney, ureter, bladder

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56
Q

Na +

A

sodium

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57
Q

pH

A

power of hydrogen concentration

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58
Q

PKU

A

phenylketonuria

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59
Q

RP

A

retrograde pyelogram

60
Q

SG

A

specific gravity

61
Q

UA

A

urinalysis

62
Q

UTI

A

urinary tract infection

63
Q

VCU, VCUG

A

voiding cystourethrogram

64
Q

acetone

A

type of ketone normally found in urine in small quantities; found in larger quantities in diabetic urine.

65
Q

albumin

A

Simple protein; when leaked into urine, may indicate a kidney problem.

66
Q

bilirubin

A

Substance produced in the liver; elevated levels may indicate liver disease or hepatitis when found in urine.

67
Q

casts

A

Materials formed in urine when protein accumulates; may indicate renal disease.

68
Q

condom catheter

A

Disposable catheter for urinary sample collection or incontinence.

69
Q

cystoscope

A

Tubular instrument for examining the interior of the bladder.

70
Q

cystoscopy

A

The insertion of a cystoscope to examine the bladder with light.

71
Q

dialysis

A

Method of filtration used when kidneys fail.

72
Q

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

A

Breaking of kidney stones by using shock waves from outside the body.

73
Q

Foley catheter

A

After F. E. B. Foley (1891–1966), American urologist Indwelling catheter held in place by a balloon that inflates inside the bladder.

74
Q

glucose

A

Form of sugar found in the blood; may indicate diabetes when found in the urine.

75
Q

hemodialysis

A

Dialysis performed by passing blood through a filter outside the body and returning filtered blood to the body.

76
Q

indwelling

A

Of a type of catheter inserted into the body.

77
Q

ketone

A

Substance that results from the breakdown of fat; indicates diabetes or starvation when present in the urine.

78
Q

kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB)

A

X-ray of three parts of the urinary system.

79
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

Type of dialysis in which liquid that extracts substances from blood is inserted into the peritoneal cavity and later emptied outside the body.

80
Q

pH

A

Measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution such as urine.

81
Q

phenylketones

A

Substances that, if accumulated in the urine of infants, indicate phenylketonuria (PKU), a disease treated by diet.

82
Q

renogram

A

Radioactive imaging of kidney function after introduction of a substance that is filtered through the kidney while it is observed.

83
Q

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

A

X-ray of the bladder and ureters after a contrast medium is injected into the bladder.

84
Q

specific gravity

A

Measurement of the concentration of wastes, minerals, and solids in urine.

85
Q

urinalysis

A

Examination of the properties of urine.

86
Q

voiding (urinating) cystourethrogram (VCU, VCUG)

A

X-ray image made after introduction of a contrast medium and while urination is taking place.

87
Q

albuminuria

A

Presence of albumin in urine, usually indicative of disease.

88
Q

anuria

A

Lack of urine formation.

89
Q

atresia

A

Abnormal narrowing, as of the ureters or urethra.

90
Q

bladder cancer

A

Malignancy of the bladder.

91
Q

Bright’s disease

A

Inflammation of the glomeruli that can result in kidney failure.

92
Q

cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder.

93
Q

cystocele

A

Hernia of the bladder.

94
Q

cystolith

A

Bladder stone.

95
Q

dysuria

A

Painful urination.

96
Q

edema

A

Retention of water in cells, tissues, and cavities, sometimes due to kidney disease.

97
Q

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

A

The last stages of kidney failure.

98
Q

enuresis

A

Urinary incontinence.

99
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys.

100
Q

hematuria

A

Blood in the urine.

101
Q

hydronephrosis

A

Abnormal collection of urine in the kidneys due to a blockage.

102
Q

incontinence

A

inability to prevent excretion of urine or feces.

103
Q

ketonuria

A

Increased urinary excretion of ketones, usually indicative of diabetes or starvation.

104
Q

kidney failure

A

Loss of kidney function.

105
Q

nephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidneys.

106
Q

nephroma

A

Any renal tumor.

107
Q

nephrosis

A

Disorder caused by loss of protein in the urine.

108
Q

nocturia

A

Frequent nighttime urination.

109
Q

oliguria

A

Scanty urine production.

110
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

Condition with many cysts on and within the kidneys.

111
Q

polyuria

A

Excessive urination.

112
Q

proteinuria protein

A

Abnormal presence of protein in the urine.

113
Q

pyelitis

A

Inflammation of the renal pelvis.

114
Q

pyuria

A

Pus in the urine.

115
Q

uremia

A

Excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood.

116
Q

urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

Infection of the urinary tract.

117
Q

Wilms’ tumor

A

After Max Wilms (1867–1918), German surgeon; Malignant kidney tumor found primarily in young children; nephroblastoma.

118
Q

cystectomy

A

Surgical removal of the bladder.

119
Q

cystopexy

A

Surgical fixing of the bladder to the abdominal wall.

120
Q

cystoplasty

A

Surgical repair of the bladder.

121
Q

cystorrhaphy

A

Suturing of a damaged bladder.

122
Q

intracorporeal electrohyrdraulic lithotripsy

A

Use of an endoscope to break up stones.

123
Q

lithotomy

A

Surgical removal of bladder stones.

124
Q

meatotomy

A

Surgical enlargement of the meatus.

125
Q

nephrectomy

A

Removal of a kidney.

126
Q

nephrolithotomy

A

Surgical removal of a kidney stone.

127
Q

nephrolysis

A

Removal of kidney adhesions.

128
Q

nephropexy

A

Surgical fixing of a kidney to the abdominal wall.

129
Q

nephrorrhaphy

A

Suturing of a damaged kidney.

130
Q

nephrostomy

A

Establishment of an opening from the renal pelvis to the outside of the body.

131
Q

pyeloplasty

A

Surgical repair of the renal pelvis.

132
Q

pyelotomy

A

Incision into the renal pelvis.

133
Q

resectoscope

A

Type of endoscope for removal of lesions.

134
Q

ureterectomy

A

Surgical removal of all or some of a ureter.

135
Q

ureteroplasty

A

Surgical repair of a ureter.

136
Q

ureterorrhaphy

A

Suturing of a ureter.

137
Q

urethropexy

A

Surgical fixing of the urethra.

138
Q

urethroplasty

A

Surgical repair of the urethra.

139
Q

urethrorrhaphy

A

Suturing of the urethra.

140
Q

urethrostomy

A

Establishment of an opening between the urethra and the exterior of the body.

141
Q

urethrotomy

A

Surgical incision of a narrowing in the urethra.

142
Q

urology

A

Medical specialty that diagnoses and treats the urinary system and the male reproductive system.

143
Q

urostomy

A

Establishment of an opening in the abdomen to the exterior of the body for the release of urine.

144
Q

antispasmodic

A

Pharmacological agent that relieves spasms; also decreases frequency of urination.

145
Q

diuretic

A

Pharmacological agent that increases urination.

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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