Chapter 9: Urinary System Flashcards
sphincter muscles
muscles that encircle a duct to contract or expand the duct, hold the urine in place.
micturition
Excreting urine; voiding
bladder
Organ where urine collects before being excreted from the body.
Bowman’s capsule
After Sir William Bowman (1816–1892), English anatomist; Capsule surrounding a glomerulus and serving as a collection site for urine.
calices, calyces (sing., calix, calyx)
Cup-shaped structures in the renal pelvis for the collection of urine.
cortex
Outer portion of the kidney.
creatine
Substance found in urine; elevated levels may indicate muscular dystrophy.
creatinine
A component of creatine.
filtration
Process of separating solids from a liquid by passing it through a porous substance.
glomerulus (pl., glomeruli)
Group of capillaries in a nephron.
hilum
Portion of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit.
kidney
Organ that forms urine and reabsorbs essential substances back into the bloodstream.
meatus
External opening of a canal, such as the urethra.
medulla
Soft, central portion of the kidney.
nephron
Functional unit of a kidney.
prostate
Gland surrounding the urethra in the male; active in ejaculation of semen.
reabsorption
Process of returning essential elements to the bloodstream after filtration.
renal pelvis
Collecting area for urine in the center of the kidney.
renin
Enzyme produced in the kidneys to regulate the filtration rate of blood by increasing blood pressure as necessary.
retroperitoneal
Posterior to the peritoneum.
trigone
Triangular area at the base of the bladder through which the ureters enter and the urethra exits the bladder.
urea
Waste product of nitrogen metabolism excreted in normal adult urine.
ureter
One of two tubes that conduct urine from the kidney to the bladder.
urethra
Tube through which urine is transported from the bladder to the exterior of the body.
uric acid
Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine.
urinary system
Body system that forms and excretes urine and helps in the reabsorption of essential substances.
urine
Fluid excreted by the urinary system.
cali(o), calic(o)
calix
cyst(o)
bladder, especially the urinary bladder
glomerul(o)
glomerulus
meat(o)
meatus
nephr(o)
kidney
pyel(o)
renal pelvis
ren(o)
kidney
trigon(o)
trigone
ur(o), urin(o)
urine
ureter(o)
ureter
urethr(o)
urethra
-uria
of urine
vesic(o)
bladder, generally used when describing something in relation to a bladder
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
A/G
albumin/globulin
AGN
acute glomerulonephritis
ARF
acute renal failure
BNO
bladder neck obstruction
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
CAPD
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Cath
catheter
CRF
chronic renal failure
ESRD
end-stage renal disease
ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
HD
hemodialysis
IVP
intravenous pyelogram
K +
potassium
KUB
kidney, ureter, bladder
Na +
sodium
pH
power of hydrogen concentration
PKU
phenylketonuria
RP
retrograde pyelogram
SG
specific gravity
UA
urinalysis
UTI
urinary tract infection
VCU, VCUG
voiding cystourethrogram
acetone
type of ketone normally found in urine in small quantities; found in larger quantities in diabetic urine.
albumin
Simple protein; when leaked into urine, may indicate a kidney problem.
bilirubin
Substance produced in the liver; elevated levels may indicate liver disease or hepatitis when found in urine.
casts
Materials formed in urine when protein accumulates; may indicate renal disease.
condom catheter
Disposable catheter for urinary sample collection or incontinence.
cystoscope
Tubular instrument for examining the interior of the bladder.
cystoscopy
The insertion of a cystoscope to examine the bladder with light.
dialysis
Method of filtration used when kidneys fail.
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Breaking of kidney stones by using shock waves from outside the body.
Foley catheter
After F. E. B. Foley (1891–1966), American urologist Indwelling catheter held in place by a balloon that inflates inside the bladder.
glucose
Form of sugar found in the blood; may indicate diabetes when found in the urine.
hemodialysis
Dialysis performed by passing blood through a filter outside the body and returning filtered blood to the body.
indwelling
Of a type of catheter inserted into the body.
ketone
Substance that results from the breakdown of fat; indicates diabetes or starvation when present in the urine.
kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB)
X-ray of three parts of the urinary system.
peritoneal dialysis
Type of dialysis in which liquid that extracts substances from blood is inserted into the peritoneal cavity and later emptied outside the body.
pH
Measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution such as urine.
phenylketones
Substances that, if accumulated in the urine of infants, indicate phenylketonuria (PKU), a disease treated by diet.
renogram
Radioactive imaging of kidney function after introduction of a substance that is filtered through the kidney while it is observed.
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
X-ray of the bladder and ureters after a contrast medium is injected into the bladder.
specific gravity
Measurement of the concentration of wastes, minerals, and solids in urine.
urinalysis
Examination of the properties of urine.
voiding (urinating) cystourethrogram (VCU, VCUG)
X-ray image made after introduction of a contrast medium and while urination is taking place.
albuminuria
Presence of albumin in urine, usually indicative of disease.
anuria
Lack of urine formation.
atresia
Abnormal narrowing, as of the ureters or urethra.
bladder cancer
Malignancy of the bladder.
Bright’s disease
Inflammation of the glomeruli that can result in kidney failure.
cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder.
cystocele
Hernia of the bladder.
cystolith
Bladder stone.
dysuria
Painful urination.
edema
Retention of water in cells, tissues, and cavities, sometimes due to kidney disease.
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
The last stages of kidney failure.
enuresis
Urinary incontinence.
glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys.
hematuria
Blood in the urine.
hydronephrosis
Abnormal collection of urine in the kidneys due to a blockage.
incontinence
inability to prevent excretion of urine or feces.
ketonuria
Increased urinary excretion of ketones, usually indicative of diabetes or starvation.
kidney failure
Loss of kidney function.
nephritis
Inflammation of the kidneys.
nephroma
Any renal tumor.
nephrosis
Disorder caused by loss of protein in the urine.
nocturia
Frequent nighttime urination.
oliguria
Scanty urine production.
polycystic kidney disease
Condition with many cysts on and within the kidneys.
polyuria
Excessive urination.
proteinuria protein
Abnormal presence of protein in the urine.
pyelitis
Inflammation of the renal pelvis.
pyuria
Pus in the urine.
uremia
Excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood.
urinary tract infection (UTI)
Infection of the urinary tract.
Wilms’ tumor
After Max Wilms (1867–1918), German surgeon; Malignant kidney tumor found primarily in young children; nephroblastoma.
cystectomy
Surgical removal of the bladder.
cystopexy
Surgical fixing of the bladder to the abdominal wall.
cystoplasty
Surgical repair of the bladder.
cystorrhaphy
Suturing of a damaged bladder.
intracorporeal electrohyrdraulic lithotripsy
Use of an endoscope to break up stones.
lithotomy
Surgical removal of bladder stones.
meatotomy
Surgical enlargement of the meatus.
nephrectomy
Removal of a kidney.
nephrolithotomy
Surgical removal of a kidney stone.
nephrolysis
Removal of kidney adhesions.
nephropexy
Surgical fixing of a kidney to the abdominal wall.
nephrorrhaphy
Suturing of a damaged kidney.
nephrostomy
Establishment of an opening from the renal pelvis to the outside of the body.
pyeloplasty
Surgical repair of the renal pelvis.
pyelotomy
Incision into the renal pelvis.
resectoscope
Type of endoscope for removal of lesions.
ureterectomy
Surgical removal of all or some of a ureter.
ureteroplasty
Surgical repair of a ureter.
ureterorrhaphy
Suturing of a ureter.
urethropexy
Surgical fixing of the urethra.
urethroplasty
Surgical repair of the urethra.
urethrorrhaphy
Suturing of the urethra.
urethrostomy
Establishment of an opening between the urethra and the exterior of the body.
urethrotomy
Surgical incision of a narrowing in the urethra.
urology
Medical specialty that diagnoses and treats the urinary system and the male reproductive system.
urostomy
Establishment of an opening in the abdomen to the exterior of the body for the release of urine.
antispasmodic
Pharmacological agent that relieves spasms; also decreases frequency of urination.
diuretic
Pharmacological agent that increases urination.
