Chapter 12 & 13 - Hematic, Lymphatic and Immune Systems Flashcards
agglutination
Clumping of cells and particles in blood.
agglutinogen
Substance that causes agglutination.
agranulocyte
Leukocyte with nongranular cytoplasm.
Iron-deficiency anemia
lack of enough iron in the blood that affects the production of hemoglobin
Aplastic anemia
failure of the bone marrow to produce enough red blood cells
Pernicious anemia
a condition in which the shape and number of the red blood cells changes due to a lack of sufficient vitamin B 1 2
Sickle cell anemia
hereditary condition (usually in persons of African-American ancestry) characterized by sickle-shaped red blood cells and a breakdown in red blood cell membranes
Hemolytic anemia
disorder characterized by destruction of red blood cells
Posthemorrhagic anemia
disorder resulting from a sudden, dramatic loss of blood
Thalassemia
inherited disorder (usually in people of Mediterranean origin) resulting in an inability to produce sufficient hemoglobin (the most severe form of which is Cooley’s anemia).
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
disorder in which immature granulocytes (or myeloblasts) invade the bone marrow.
chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) or chronic granulocytic leukemia
disorder in which mature and immature myeloblasts are present in the bloodstream and marrow.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
disorder with an abnormal number of immature lymphocytes. It is usually a disease of childhood and adolescence.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
appears mainly in adults and includes an abnormal number of mature lymphocytes.
Neutropenia
disorder with an abnormally low number of neutrophils in the bloodstream.
Neutrophilia
disorder with an abnormal increase in neutrophils.
hematopoietic system
responsible for the production of the blood cells in the bone marrow.
albumin
Simple protein found in plasma.
basophil
Leukocyte containing heparin and histamine.
blood
Fluid (containing plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) circulated throughout the arteries, veins, capillaries, and heart.
blood types or groups
Classification of blood according to its antigen and antibody qualities.
coagulation
Changing of a liquid, especially blood, into a semi-solid.
electrophoresis
Process of separating particles in a solution by passing electricity through the liquid.
eosinophil
Type of granulocyte.
erythrocyte
Mature red blood cell.
erythropoietin
Hormone released by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production.
fibrin clot
Clot-forming threads formed at the site of an injury during coagulation where platelets clump together with various other substances.
fibrinogen
Protein in plasma that aids in clotting.
gamma globulin
Globulin that arises in lymphatic tissue and functions as part of the immune system.
globin
Protein molecule in the blood, a part of hemoglobin.
globulin
Any of a family of proteins in blood plasma.
granulocyte
Leukocyte with granular cytoplasm.
hematocrit
Measure of the percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample.
hematocytoblast
Most immature blood cell.
heme
Pigment containing iron in hemoglobin.
hemoglobin
Protein in red blood cells essential to the transport of oxygen.
heparin
Substance in blood that prevents clotting.
histamine
Substance released by basophils and eosinophils; involved in allergic reactions.
leukocyte
Mature white blood cell.
lymphocyte
Type of agranulocyte.
megakaryocyte
Large cells in red bone marrow that form platelets.
monocyte
monocyte [M3N-o-sit] mono-, one -cyte Type of agranulocyte.
neutrophil
Type of leukocyte; granulocyte.
plasma
Liquid portion of unclotted blood.
plasmapheresis
Process of removing blood from a person, centrifuging it, and returning only red blood cells to that person.
platelet plate
Thrombocyte; part of a megakaryocyte that initiates clotting.
prothrombin
type of plasma protein that aids in clotting.
red blood cell
One of the solid parts of blood formed from stem cells and having hemoglobin within; erythrocyte.
red blood cell count
Measurement of red blood cells in a cubic millimeter of blood.
Rh factor
Type of antigen in blood that can cause a transfusion reaction.
Rh-negative
Lacking Rh factor on surface of blood cells.
Rh-positive
Having Rh factor on surface of blood cells.
serum
the liquid left after blood has clotted.
stem cell
Immature cell formed in bone marrow that becomes differentiated into either a red or a white blood cell.
thrombin
Enzyme that helps in clot formation.
thrombocyte
Platelet; cell fragment that produces thrombin.
thromboplastin
Protein that aids in forming a fibrin clot.
transfusion
Injection of donor blood into a person needing blood.
white blood cell
One of the solid parts of blood from stem cells that plays a role in defense against disease; leukocyte.
agglutin(o)
agglutinin
eosino
eosinophil
erythr(o)
red
hemo, hemat(o)
blood
leuk(o)
white
phag(o)
eating, devouring
thromb(o)
blood clot
APTT
activated partial thromboplastin time
baso
basophil
BCP
biochemistry panel
BMT
bone marrow transplant
CBC
complete blood count
diff
differential blood count
eos
eosinophils
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
G-CSF
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
GM-CSF
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
HCT, Hct
hematocrit
HGB, Hgb, HB
hemoglobin
MCH
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
MCHC
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
MCV
mean corpuscular volume
mono
monocyte
PCV
packed cell volume
PLT
platelet count
PMN, poly
polymorphonuclear neutrophil
PT
prothrombin time
PTT
partial thromboplastin time
RBC
red blood cell count
SR, sed.
rate sedimentation rate
seg
segmented mature white blood cells
WBC
white blood cell count
antiglobulin
test for antibodies on red blood cells.
biochemistry panel
common group of automated tests run on one blood sample.
blood chemistry
Test of plasma for presence of a particular substance such as glucose; chemistry profile
blood culture
Test of a blood specimen in a culture medium to observe for particular microorganisms.
blood indices
Measurement of the characteristics of red blood cells.
complete blood count (CBC)
Most common blood test for a number of factors.
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Test for rate at which red blood cells fall through plasma.
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
Test for ability of blood to coagulate.
platelet count (PLT)
Measurement of number of platelets in a blood sample.
prothrombin time (PT)
Test for ability of blood to coagulate.
red blood cell morphology
Observation of shape of red blood cells.
SMA (sequential multiple analyzer)
Original blood chemistry machine; now a synonym for blood chemistry.
venipuncture
Insertion of a needle into a vein, usually for the purpose of extracting a blood sample.
anemia
Condition in which red blood cells do not transport enough oxygen to the tissues.
anisocytosis
Condition with abnormal variation in the size of red blood cells.
basophilia
condition with an increased number of basophils in the blood.
dyscrasia
Any disease with abnormal particles in the blood.
eosinophilia
Condition with an abnormal number of eosinophils in the blood.
erythroblastosis fetalis
Incompatibility disorder between a mother with Rh negative and a fetus with Rh positive.
erythropenia
Disorder with abnormally low number of red blood cells.
granulocytosis
Condition with an abnormal number of granulocytes in the bloodstream.
hemochromatosis
Hereditary condition with excessive iron buildup in the blood.
hemolysis
Disorder with breakdown of red blood cell membranes.
hemophilia
Hereditary disorder with lack of clotting factor in the blood.
leukemia
General term for a number of disorders with excessive white blood cells in the bloodstream and bone marrow.
macrocytosis
Disorder with abnormally large red blood cells.
microcytosis
Disorder with abnormally small red blood cells.
multiple myeloma
Malignant tumor of the bone marrow.
myeloblast
Immature granulocytes.
pancytopenia
Condition with a low number of blood components.
poikilocytosis
Disorder with irregularly shaped red blood cells.
polycythemia
Disorder with an abnormal increase in red blood cells and hemoglobin.
purpura
Condition with multiple tiny hemorrhages under the skin.
reticulocytosis
Disorder with an abnormal number of immature erythrocytes.
thalassemia
Hereditary disorder characterized by inability to produce sufficient hemoglobin.
thrombocytopenia
Bleeding condition with insufficient production of platelets.
von Willebrand’s disease
Hemorrhagic disorder with tendency to bleed from mucous membranes.
bone marrow biopsy
extraction of bone marrow, by means of a needle, for observation.
bone marrow transplant
Injection of donor bone marrow into a patient whose diseased cells have been killed through radiation and chemotherapy.
anticoagulant
Agent that prevents formation of blood clots.
coagulant
Clotting agent.
hemostatic
Agent that stops bleeding.
relapse
Recurrence of a disease.
remission
Disappearance of a disease for a time.
thrombolytic
Agent that dissolves blood clots.
acquired active immunity
Resistance to a disease acquired naturally or developed by previous exposure or vaccination.
acquired passive immunity
Inoculation against disease or poison, using antitoxins or antibodies from or in another person or another species.
antibody
Specialized protein that fights disease; also called immunoglobulin.
antigen
Any substance that can provoke an immune response.
antitoxin
Antibodies directed against a particular disease or poison.
B lymphocytes, B cells
A kind of lymphocyte that manufactures antibodies.
cell-mediated immunity
Resistance to disease mediated by T cells.
cytotoxic cell
T cell that helps in destruction of infected cells throughout the body.
gamma globulin
Antibodies given to prevent or lessen certain diseases.
helper cell
T cell that stimulates the immune response.
humoral immunity
Resistance to disease provided by plasma cells and antibody production.
immunity
resistance to particular pathogens.
immunization
Vaccination.
immunoglobulin
Antibody.
interferon
Protein produced by T cells and other cells; destroys disease-causing cells with its antiviral properties.
interleukin
Protein produced by T cells; helps regulate immune system.
lymph
Fluid that contains white blood cells and other substances and flows in the lymphatic vessels.
lymph node
Specialized organ that filters harmful substances from the tissues and assists in the immune response.
lymphocytes
White blood cells made in the bone marrow that are critical to the body’s defense against disease and infection.
macrophage
Special cell that devours foreign substances.
microphage
Small phagocytic cell that devours foreign substances.
natural immunity
Inherent resistance to disease found in a species, race, family group, or certain individuals.
pathogen
Disease-causing agent.
phagocytosis
Ingestion of foreign substances by specialized cells.
plasma cell
Specialized lymphocyte that produces immunoglobulins.
spleen
Organ of lymph system that filters and stores blood, removes old red blood cells, and activates lymphocytes.
suppressor cell
T cell that suppresses B cells and other immune cells.
T cells
Specialized white blood cells that receive markers in the thymus, are responsible for cellular immunity, and assist with humoral immunity.
thymosin
Hormone secreted by the thymus gland that aids in distribution of thymocytes and lymphocytes.
thymus gland
Soft gland with two lobes that is involved in immune responses; located in mediastinum.
vaccination
Injection of an antigen from a different organism to cause active immunity.
vaccine
Antigen developed from a different organism that causes active immunity in the recipient.
aden(o)
gland
immun(o)
immunity
lymph(o)
lymph
lymphaden(o)
lymph nodes
lymphangi(o)
lymphatic vessels
splen(o)
spleen
thym(o)
thymus
tox(o), toxi, toxico
poison
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ALL
acute lymphocytic leukemia
AML
acute myelogenous leukemia
AZT
Azidothymidine
CLL
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
HSV
herpes simplex virus
IgA
immunoglobulin A
IgD
immunoglobulin D
IgE
immunoglobulin E
IgG
immunoglobulin G
CML
chronic myelogenous leukemia
CMV
cytomegalovirus
EBV
Epstein-Barr virus
EIA, ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
IgM
immunoglobulin M
PCP
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
ZDV
Zidovudine
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA, ELISA)
test used to screen blood for the presence of antibodies to different viruses or bacteria.
Western blot
test primarily used to check for antibodies to HIV in serum.
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AIDS.
AIDS
Most widespread immunosuppressive disease; caused by the HIV virus.
allergen
substance to which exposure causes an allergic response.
allergy
Production of IgE antibodies against an allergen.
anaphylaxis
Life-threatening allergic reaction.
autoimmune disease
Any of a number of diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and scleroderma, caused by an autoimmune response.
autoimmune response
Overactivity in the immune system against the body, causing destruction of one’s own healthy cells.
histiocytic lymphoma
Lymphoma with malignant cells that resemble histiocytes.
Hodgkin’s lymphoma; Hodgkin’s disease
Type of lymph cancer of uncertain origin that generally appears in early adulthood.
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Virus that causes AIDS; spread by sexual contact, exchange of body fluids, and shared use of needles.
hypersensitivity
Abnormal reaction to an allergen.
hypersplenism
Overactive spleen.
immunosuppressive disease
Disease that flourishes because of lowered immune response.
infectious mononucleosis
Acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus.
lymphadenopathy
Swollen lymph nodes.
lymphocytic lymphoma
Lymphoma with malignant cells that resemble large lymphocytes.
lymphoma
Cancer of the lymph nodes.
metastasis
Spread of a cancer from a localized area.
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Cancer of the lymph nodes with some cells resembling healthy cells and spreading in a diffuse pattern.
opportunistic infection
infection that takes hold because of lowered immune response.
retrovirus
type of virus that spreads by using the body’s DNA to help it replicate its RNA.
sarcoidosis
Inflammatory condition with lesions on the lymph nodes and other organs.
splenomegaly
Enlarged spleen.
thymoma
Tumor of the thymus gland.
lymphadenectomy
Removal of a lymph node.
lymphadenotomy
Incision into a lymph node.
lymph node dissection
Removal of a cancerous node for microscopic examination.
splenectomy
Removal of the spleen.
thymectomy
removal of the thymus gland.
