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Medical Terminology > Chapter 12 & 13 - Hematic, Lymphatic and Immune Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 12 & 13 - Hematic, Lymphatic and Immune Systems Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

agglutination

A

Clumping of cells and particles in blood.

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2
Q

agglutinogen

A

Substance that causes agglutination.

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3
Q

agranulocyte

A

Leukocyte with nongranular cytoplasm.

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4
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia

A

lack of enough iron in the blood that affects the production of hemoglobin

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5
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

failure of the bone marrow to produce enough red blood cells

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6
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

a condition in which the shape and number of the red blood cells changes due to a lack of sufficient vitamin B 1 2

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7
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

hereditary condition (usually in persons of African-American ancestry) characterized by sickle-shaped red blood cells and a breakdown in red blood cell membranes

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8
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

disorder characterized by destruction of red blood cells

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9
Q

Posthemorrhagic anemia

A

disorder resulting from a sudden, dramatic loss of blood

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10
Q

Thalassemia

A

inherited disorder (usually in people of Mediterranean origin) resulting in an inability to produce sufficient hemoglobin (the most severe form of which is Cooley’s anemia).

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11
Q

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

A

disorder in which immature granulocytes (or myeloblasts) invade the bone marrow.

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12
Q

chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) or chronic granulocytic leukemia

A

disorder in which mature and immature myeloblasts are present in the bloodstream and marrow.

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13
Q

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

A

disorder with an abnormal number of immature lymphocytes. It is usually a disease of childhood and adolescence.

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14
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

A

appears mainly in adults and includes an abnormal number of mature lymphocytes.

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15
Q

Neutropenia

A

disorder with an abnormally low number of neutrophils in the bloodstream.

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16
Q

Neutrophilia

A

disorder with an abnormal increase in neutrophils.

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17
Q

hematopoietic system

A

responsible for the production of the blood cells in the bone marrow.

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18
Q

albumin

A

Simple protein found in plasma.

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19
Q

basophil

A

Leukocyte containing heparin and histamine.

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20
Q

blood

A

Fluid (containing plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) circulated throughout the arteries, veins, capillaries, and heart.

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21
Q

blood types or groups

A

Classification of blood according to its antigen and antibody qualities.

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22
Q

coagulation

A

Changing of a liquid, especially blood, into a semi-solid.

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23
Q

electrophoresis

A

Process of separating particles in a solution by passing electricity through the liquid.

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24
Q

eosinophil

A

Type of granulocyte.

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25
Q

erythrocyte

A

Mature red blood cell.

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26
Q

erythropoietin

A

Hormone released by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production.

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27
Q

fibrin clot

A

Clot-forming threads formed at the site of an injury during coagulation where platelets clump together with various other substances.

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28
Q

fibrinogen

A

Protein in plasma that aids in clotting.

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29
Q

gamma globulin

A

Globulin that arises in lymphatic tissue and functions as part of the immune system.

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30
Q

globin

A

Protein molecule in the blood, a part of hemoglobin.

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31
Q

globulin

A

Any of a family of proteins in blood plasma.

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32
Q

granulocyte

A

Leukocyte with granular cytoplasm.

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33
Q

hematocrit

A

Measure of the percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample.

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34
Q

hematocytoblast

A

Most immature blood cell.

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35
Q

heme

A

Pigment containing iron in hemoglobin.

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36
Q

hemoglobin

A

Protein in red blood cells essential to the transport of oxygen.

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37
Q

heparin

A

Substance in blood that prevents clotting.

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38
Q

histamine

A

Substance released by basophils and eosinophils; involved in allergic reactions.

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39
Q

leukocyte

A

Mature white blood cell.

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40
Q

lymphocyte

A

Type of agranulocyte.

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41
Q

megakaryocyte

A

Large cells in red bone marrow that form platelets.

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42
Q

monocyte

A

monocyte [M3N-o-sit] mono-, one  -cyte Type of agranulocyte.

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43
Q

neutrophil

A

Type of leukocyte; granulocyte.

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44
Q

plasma

A

Liquid portion of unclotted blood.

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45
Q

plasmapheresis

A

Process of removing blood from a person, centrifuging it, and returning only red blood cells to that person.

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46
Q

platelet plate

A

Thrombocyte; part of a megakaryocyte that initiates clotting.

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47
Q

prothrombin

A

type of plasma protein that aids in clotting.

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48
Q

red blood cell

A

One of the solid parts of blood formed from stem cells and having hemoglobin within; erythrocyte.

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49
Q

red blood cell count

A

Measurement of red blood cells in a cubic millimeter of blood.

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50
Q

Rh factor

A

Type of antigen in blood that can cause a transfusion reaction.

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51
Q

Rh-negative

A

Lacking Rh factor on surface of blood cells.

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52
Q

Rh-positive

A

Having Rh factor on surface of blood cells.

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53
Q

serum

A

the liquid left after blood has clotted.

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54
Q

stem cell

A

Immature cell formed in bone marrow that becomes differentiated into either a red or a white blood cell.

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55
Q

thrombin

A

Enzyme that helps in clot formation.

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56
Q

thrombocyte

A

Platelet; cell fragment that produces thrombin.

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57
Q

thromboplastin

A

Protein that aids in forming a fibrin clot.

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58
Q

transfusion

A

Injection of donor blood into a person needing blood.

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59
Q

white blood cell

A

One of the solid parts of blood from stem cells that plays a role in defense against disease; leukocyte.

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60
Q

agglutin(o)

A

agglutinin

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61
Q

eosino

A

eosinophil

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62
Q

erythr(o)

A

red

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63
Q

hemo, hemat(o)

A

blood

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64
Q

leuk(o)

A

white

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65
Q

phag(o)

A

eating, devouring

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66
Q

thromb(o)

A

blood clot

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67
Q

APTT

A

activated partial thromboplastin time

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68
Q

baso

A

basophil

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69
Q

BCP

A

biochemistry panel

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70
Q

BMT

A

bone marrow transplant

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71
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

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72
Q

diff

A

differential blood count

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73
Q

eos

A

eosinophils

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74
Q

ESR

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

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75
Q

G-CSF

A

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

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76
Q

GM-CSF

A

granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

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77
Q

HCT, Hct

A

hematocrit

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78
Q

HGB, Hgb, HB

A

hemoglobin

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79
Q

MCH

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin

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80
Q

MCHC

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

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81
Q

MCV

A

mean corpuscular volume

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82
Q

mono

A

monocyte

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83
Q

PCV

A

packed cell volume

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84
Q

PLT

A

platelet count

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85
Q

PMN, poly

A

polymorphonuclear neutrophil

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86
Q

PT

A

prothrombin time

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87
Q

PTT

A

partial thromboplastin time

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88
Q

RBC

A

red blood cell count

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89
Q

SR, sed.

A

rate sedimentation rate

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90
Q

seg

A

segmented mature white blood cells

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91
Q

WBC

A

white blood cell count

92
Q

antiglobulin

A

test for antibodies on red blood cells.

93
Q

biochemistry panel

A

common group of automated tests run on one blood sample.

94
Q

blood chemistry

A

Test of plasma for presence of a particular substance such as glucose; chemistry profile

95
Q

blood culture

A

Test of a blood specimen in a culture medium to observe for particular microorganisms.

96
Q

blood indices

A

Measurement of the characteristics of red blood cells.

97
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

Most common blood test for a number of factors.

98
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

Test for rate at which red blood cells fall through plasma.

99
Q

partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

A

Test for ability of blood to coagulate.

100
Q

platelet count (PLT)

A

Measurement of number of platelets in a blood sample.

101
Q

prothrombin time (PT)

A

Test for ability of blood to coagulate.

102
Q

red blood cell morphology

A

Observation of shape of red blood cells.

103
Q

SMA (sequential multiple analyzer)

A

Original blood chemistry machine; now a synonym for blood chemistry.

104
Q

venipuncture

A

Insertion of a needle into a vein, usually for the purpose of extracting a blood sample.

105
Q

anemia

A

Condition in which red blood cells do not transport enough oxygen to the tissues.

106
Q

anisocytosis

A

Condition with abnormal variation in the size of red blood cells.

107
Q

basophilia

A

condition with an increased number of basophils in the blood.

108
Q

dyscrasia

A

Any disease with abnormal particles in the blood.

109
Q

eosinophilia

A

Condition with an abnormal number of eosinophils in the blood.

110
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Incompatibility disorder between a mother with Rh negative and a fetus with Rh positive.

111
Q

erythropenia

A

Disorder with abnormally low number of red blood cells.

112
Q

granulocytosis

A

Condition with an abnormal number of granulocytes in the bloodstream.

113
Q

hemochromatosis

A

Hereditary condition with excessive iron buildup in the blood.

114
Q

hemolysis

A

Disorder with breakdown of red blood cell membranes.

115
Q

hemophilia

A

Hereditary disorder with lack of clotting factor in the blood.

116
Q

leukemia

A

General term for a number of disorders with excessive white blood cells in the bloodstream and bone marrow.

117
Q

macrocytosis

A

Disorder with abnormally large red blood cells.

118
Q

microcytosis

A

Disorder with abnormally small red blood cells.

119
Q

multiple myeloma

A

Malignant tumor of the bone marrow.

120
Q

myeloblast

A

Immature granulocytes.

121
Q

pancytopenia

A

Condition with a low number of blood components.

122
Q

poikilocytosis

A

Disorder with irregularly shaped red blood cells.

123
Q

polycythemia

A

Disorder with an abnormal increase in red blood cells and hemoglobin.

124
Q

purpura

A

Condition with multiple tiny hemorrhages under the skin.

125
Q

reticulocytosis

A

Disorder with an abnormal number of immature erythrocytes.

126
Q

thalassemia

A

Hereditary disorder characterized by inability to produce sufficient hemoglobin.

127
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

Bleeding condition with insufficient production of platelets.

128
Q

von Willebrand’s disease

A

Hemorrhagic disorder with tendency to bleed from mucous membranes.

129
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

extraction of bone marrow, by means of a needle, for observation.

130
Q

bone marrow transplant

A

Injection of donor bone marrow into a patient whose diseased cells have been killed through radiation and chemotherapy.

131
Q

anticoagulant

A

Agent that prevents formation of blood clots.

132
Q

coagulant

A

Clotting agent.

133
Q

hemostatic

A

Agent that stops bleeding.

134
Q

relapse

A

Recurrence of a disease.

135
Q

remission

A

Disappearance of a disease for a time.

136
Q

thrombolytic

A

Agent that dissolves blood clots.

137
Q

acquired active immunity

A

Resistance to a disease acquired naturally or developed by previous exposure or vaccination.

138
Q

acquired passive immunity

A

Inoculation against disease or poison, using antitoxins or antibodies from or in another person or another species.

139
Q

antibody

A

Specialized protein that fights disease; also called immunoglobulin.

140
Q

antigen

A

Any substance that can provoke an immune response.

141
Q

antitoxin

A

Antibodies directed against a particular disease or poison.

142
Q

B lymphocytes, B cells

A

A kind of lymphocyte that manufactures antibodies.

143
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

Resistance to disease mediated by T cells.

144
Q

cytotoxic cell

A

T cell that helps in destruction of infected cells throughout the body.

145
Q

gamma globulin

A

Antibodies given to prevent or lessen certain diseases.

146
Q

helper cell

A

T cell that stimulates the immune response.

147
Q

humoral immunity

A

Resistance to disease provided by plasma cells and antibody production.

148
Q

immunity

A

resistance to particular pathogens.

149
Q

immunization

A

Vaccination.

150
Q

immunoglobulin

A

Antibody.

151
Q

interferon

A

Protein produced by T cells and other cells; destroys disease-causing cells with its antiviral properties.

152
Q

interleukin

A

Protein produced by T cells; helps regulate immune system.

153
Q

lymph

A

Fluid that contains white blood cells and other substances and flows in the lymphatic vessels.

154
Q

lymph node

A

Specialized organ that filters harmful substances from the tissues and assists in the immune response.

155
Q

lymphocytes

A

White blood cells made in the bone marrow that are critical to the body’s defense against disease and infection.

156
Q

macrophage

A

Special cell that devours foreign substances.

157
Q

microphage

A

Small phagocytic cell that devours foreign substances.

158
Q

natural immunity

A

Inherent resistance to disease found in a species, race, family group, or certain individuals.

159
Q

pathogen

A

Disease-causing agent.

160
Q

phagocytosis

A

Ingestion of foreign substances by specialized cells.

161
Q

plasma cell

A

Specialized lymphocyte that produces immunoglobulins.

162
Q

spleen

A

Organ of lymph system that filters and stores blood, removes old red blood cells, and activates lymphocytes.

163
Q

suppressor cell

A

T cell that suppresses B cells and other immune cells.

164
Q

T cells

A

Specialized white blood cells that receive markers in the thymus, are responsible for cellular immunity, and assist with humoral immunity.

165
Q

thymosin

A

Hormone secreted by the thymus gland that aids in distribution of thymocytes and lymphocytes.

166
Q

thymus gland

A

Soft gland with two lobes that is involved in immune responses; located in mediastinum.

167
Q

vaccination

A

Injection of an antigen from a different organism to cause active immunity.

168
Q

vaccine

A

Antigen developed from a different organism that causes active immunity in the recipient.

169
Q

aden(o)

A

gland

170
Q

immun(o)

A

immunity

171
Q

lymph(o)

A

lymph

172
Q

lymphaden(o)

A

lymph nodes

173
Q

lymphangi(o)

A

lymphatic vessels

174
Q

splen(o)

A

spleen

175
Q

thym(o)

A

thymus

176
Q

tox(o), toxi, toxico

A

poison

177
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

178
Q

ALL

A

acute lymphocytic leukemia

179
Q

AML

A

acute myelogenous leukemia

180
Q

AZT

A

Azidothymidine

181
Q

CLL

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

182
Q

HSV

A

herpes simplex virus

183
Q

IgA

A

immunoglobulin A

184
Q

IgD

A

immunoglobulin D

185
Q

IgE

A

immunoglobulin E

186
Q

IgG

A

immunoglobulin G

187
Q

CML

A

chronic myelogenous leukemia

188
Q

CMV

A

cytomegalovirus

189
Q

EBV

A

Epstein-Barr virus

190
Q

EIA, ELISA

A

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

191
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

192
Q

IgM

A

immunoglobulin M

193
Q

PCP

A

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

194
Q

SLE

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

195
Q

ZDV

A

Zidovudine

196
Q

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA, ELISA)

A

test used to screen blood for the presence of antibodies to different viruses or bacteria.

197
Q

Western blot

A

test primarily used to check for antibodies to HIV in serum.

198
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

AIDS.

199
Q

AIDS

A

Most widespread immunosuppressive disease; caused by the HIV virus.

200
Q

allergen

A

substance to which exposure causes an allergic response.

201
Q

allergy

A

Production of IgE antibodies against an allergen.

202
Q

anaphylaxis

A

Life-threatening allergic reaction.

203
Q

autoimmune disease

A

Any of a number of diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and scleroderma, caused by an autoimmune response.

204
Q

autoimmune response

A

Overactivity in the immune system against the body, causing destruction of one’s own healthy cells.

205
Q

histiocytic lymphoma

A

Lymphoma with malignant cells that resemble histiocytes.

206
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma; Hodgkin’s disease

A

Type of lymph cancer of uncertain origin that generally appears in early adulthood.

207
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

Virus that causes AIDS; spread by sexual contact, exchange of body fluids, and shared use of needles.

208
Q

hypersensitivity

A

Abnormal reaction to an allergen.

209
Q

hypersplenism

A

Overactive spleen.

210
Q

immunosuppressive disease

A

Disease that flourishes because of lowered immune response.

211
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

Acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus.

212
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

Swollen lymph nodes.

213
Q

lymphocytic lymphoma

A

Lymphoma with malignant cells that resemble large lymphocytes.

214
Q

lymphoma

A

Cancer of the lymph nodes.

215
Q

metastasis

A

Spread of a cancer from a localized area.

216
Q

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Cancer of the lymph nodes with some cells resembling healthy cells and spreading in a diffuse pattern.

217
Q

opportunistic infection

A

infection that takes hold because of lowered immune response.

218
Q

retrovirus

A

type of virus that spreads by using the body’s DNA to help it replicate its RNA.

219
Q

sarcoidosis

A

Inflammatory condition with lesions on the lymph nodes and other organs.

220
Q

splenomegaly

A

Enlarged spleen.

221
Q

thymoma

A

Tumor of the thymus gland.

222
Q

lymphadenectomy

A

Removal of a lymph node.

223
Q

lymphadenotomy

A

Incision into a lymph node.

224
Q

lymph node dissection

A

Removal of a cancerous node for microscopic examination.

225
Q

splenectomy

A

Removal of the spleen.

226
Q

thymectomy

A

removal of the thymus gland.

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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