Chapter 14 - Digestive System Flashcards
Mechanical digestion
takes place in the mouth by chewing and in the stomach by churning actions.
Chemical digestion
takes place in the mouth by the addition of the saliva and continues in the stomach with the addition of digestive juices to chemically break down the food into simpler elements.
cardiac sphincter
group of muscles that regulates the opening and closing of the stomach entrance
ileocecal sphincter
Located at the bottom of the ileum; sphincter muscle that relaxes to allow undigested and unabsorbed food material into the large intestine in fairly regular waves.
hepatic flexure
right-angle bend of the colon under the liver
splenic flexure
right-angle bend toward the spleen.
hepatic portal system
group of blood vessels that transports blood and other substances to and from the liver
absorption
Passing of nutrients into the bloodstream.
alimentary canal
Muscular tube from the mouth to the anus; digestive tract; gastrointestinal tract.
amino acid
Chemical compound that results from digestion of complex proteins.
amylase
Enzyme that is part of pancreatic juice and saliva and that begins the digestion of carbohydrates.
anal canal
Part of the digestive tract extending from the rectum to the anus.
anus
Place at which feces exit the body.
appendage
Any body part (inside or outside) either subordinate to a larger part or having no specific central function.
appendix
Wormlike appendage to the cecum.
bile
yellowish-brown to greenish fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; aids in fat digestion.
bilirubin
Pigment contained in bile.
body
Middle section of the stomach.
bowel
Intestine.
cecum
pouch at the top of the large intestine connected to the bottom of the ileum.
cheeks
Walls of the oral cavity.
chyme
Semisolid mass of partially digested food and gastric juices that passes from the stomach to the small intestine.
colon
Major portion of the large intestine.
defecation
Release of feces from the anus.
deglutition
Swallowing.
digestion
Conversion of food into nutrients for the body and into waste products for release from the body.
duodenum
Top part of the small intestine where chyme mixes with bile, pancreatic juices, and intestinal juice to continue the digestive process.
elimination
The conversion of waste material from a liquid to a semisolid and removal of that material via defecation.
emulsification
Breaking down of fats.
enzyme
Protein that causes chemical changes in substances in the digestive tract.
regurgitation
Backward flow from the normal direction; emesis
epiglottis
Movable flap of tissue that covers the trachea.
esophagus
part of alimentary canal from the pharynx to the stomach.
fatty acid
acid derived from fat during the digestive process.
feces
Semisolid waste that moves through the large intestine to the anus, where it is released from the body.
frenulum
Mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
fundus
Upper portion of the stomach.
gallbladder
Organ on lower surface of liver; stores bile.
glucose
Sugar found in fruits and plants and stored in various parts of the body.
glycogen
Starch that can be converted into glucose.
gums
Fleshy sockets that hold the teeth.
hard palate
Hard anterior portion of the palate at the roof of the mouth
ileum
Bottom part of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine.
jejunum
Middle section of the small intestine.
large intestine
Passageway in intestinal tract for waste received from small intestine to be excreted through the anus; also, place where water reabsorption takes place.
lingual tonsils
Two mounds of lymph tissue at the back of the tongue.
lipase
enzyme contained in pancreatic juice.
lips
Two muscular folds formed around the outside boundary of the mouth.
liver
Organ important in digestive and metabolic functions; secretes bile.
mastication
Chewing.
mesentery
Membranous tissue that attaches small and large intestines to the muscular wall at the dorsal part of the abdomen.
mouth
Cavity in the face in which food and water is ingested.
palatine tonsils
Mounds of lymphatic tissue on either side of the pharynx.
pancreas
Digestive organ that secretes digestive fluids; endocrine gland that regulates blood sugar.
papilla (pl., papillae)
Tiny projection on the superior surface of the tongue that contains taste buds.
pepsin
Digestive enzyme in gastric juice.
peristalsis
Coordinated, rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle that force food through the digestive tract.
pharynx
Tube through which food passes to the esophagus.
pylorus
Narrowed bottom part of the stomach.
rectum
Bottom portion of large intestine; connected to anal canal.
rugae
Folds in stomach lining; irregular ridges of mucous membrane on the hard palate.
saliva
Fluid secreted by salivary glands; contains amylase.
salivary glands
Glands in the mouth that secrete fluids that aid in breaking down food.
sigmoid colon
S-shaped part of large intestine connecting at the bottom to the rectum.
small intestine
Twenty-foot long tube that continues the process of digestion started in the stomach; place where most absorption takes place.
soft palate
Soft posterior part of the palate in the mouth.
stomach
Large sac between the esophagus and small intestine; place where food is broken down.
stool
Feces.
throat
Pharynx.
tongue
Fleshy part of the mouth that moves food during mastication (and speech).
uvula
Cone-shaped projection hanging down from soft palate.
villus (pl., villi)
tiny, fingerlike projection on the lining of the small intestine with capillaries through which digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and lymphatic system.
an(o)
anus
append(o), appendic(o)
appendix
bil(o), bili
bile
bucc(o)
cheek
cec(o)
cecum
celi(o)
abdomen
chol(e), cholo
bile
cholangi(o)
bile vessel
cholecyst(o)
gallbladder
choledoch(o)
common bile duct
col(o), colon(o)
colon
duoden(o)
duodenum
enter(o)
intestines
esophag(o)
esophagus
gastr(o)
stomach
gloss(o)
tongue
gluc(o)
glucose
glyc(o)
sugar
glycogen(o)
glycogen
hepat(o)
liver
ile(o)
ileum
jejun(o)
jejunum
labi(o)
lip
lingu(o)
tongue
or(o)
mouth
pancreat(o)
pancreas
periton(eo)
peritoneum
pharyng(o)
pharynx
proct(o)
anus, rectum
pylor(o)
pylorus
rect(o)
rectum
sial(o)
saliva, salivary gland
sialaden(o)
salivary gland
sigmoid(o)
sigmoid colon
steat(o) fats
steat(o) fats
stomat(o) mouth
stomat(o) mouth
ALT, AT alanine transaminase
ALT, AT alanine transaminase
AST aspartic acid transaminase
AST aspartic acid transaminase
BE barium enema
BE barium enema
BM bowel movement
BM bowel movement
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
gastrointestinal
IBD
IBD
IBS
IBS
NG
nasogastric
NPO
nothing by mouth
SGOT
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
SGPT
serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
TPN
total parenteral nutrition
UGI(S)
upper gastrointestinal (series)
stool culture and sensitivity test (C & S)
used to try out different medications on microorganisms to check for effectiveness.
chemical test of a stool specimen (hemoccult test or stool guaiac)
indicates whether there is bleeding in the digestive tract.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
procedure used to examine the biliary ducts with x-ray, a contrast medium, and the use of an endoscope.
serum bilirubin
measures bilirubin in the blood as an indicator of jaundice.
alkaline phosphatase
reveals levels of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in serum as an indicator of liver disease, especially liver cancer.
nasogastric (NG) tube
passed through the nose to the stomach to relieve fluid buildup or to take stomach content samples for analysis; This process is called nasogastric intubation.
cholangiography
X-ray of the bile ducts.
cholecystography
X-ray of the gallbladder.
colonoscopy
Examination of the colon using an endoscope.
esophagoscopy
Examination of the esophagus with an esophagoscope.
gastroscopy
Examination of the stomach using an endoscope.
peritoneoscopy
Examination of the abdominal cavity using a peritoneoscope.
proctoscopy
examination of the rectum and anus using a proctoscope.
sigmoidoscopy
Examination of the sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope.
Esophageal varices
twisted veins in the esophagus that are prone to hemorrhage and ulcers.
choledocholithiasis
The presence of gallstones in the common bile duct
hiatal hernia
protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.
inguinal hernia
protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall
strangulated hernia
one in which blood flow is restricted or absent.
femoral hernia
protrusion of a loop of intestine into the femoral canal.
umbilical hernia
protrusion of part of the intestine into the umbilicus.
incarcerated hernia
one in which movement of bowel is restricted or obstructed.
achalasia
Inability of a muscle, particularly the cardiac sphincter, to relax.
achlorhydria
Lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
anal fistula
Small opening in the anal canal through which waste matter can leak into the abdominal cavity.
ankyloglossia
Condition of the tongue being partially or completely attached to the bottom of the mouth.
anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder with extreme weight loss.
aphagia
Inability to swallow.
appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix.
ascites
Fluid buildup in the abdominal and peritoneal cavities.
bulimia
Eating disorder with bingeing and purging.
cheilitis
inflammation of the lips.
cholangitis
inflammation of the bile ducts.
cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder.
cholelithiasis
Gallstones in the gallbladder.
cirrhosis
Liver disease, often caused by alcoholism.
colic
Gastrointestinal distress, especially of infants.
colitis
Inflammation of the colon.
constipation
Difficult or infrequent defecation.
Crohn’s disease
Type of irritable bowel disease with no ulcers.
diarrhea
Loose, watery stool.
diverticula
Small pouches in the intestinal walls.
diverticulitis
Inflammation of the diverticula.
diverticulosis
Condition in which diverticula trap food or bacteria.
duodenal ulcer
Ulcer in the duodenum.
dysentery
Irritation of the intestinal tract with loose stools.
dyspepsia
Indigestion.
dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing.
enteritis
Inflammation of the small intestine.
eructation
Belching.
esophagitis
Inflammation of the esophagus.
fistula
Abnormal opening in tissue.
flatulence
Gas in the stomach or intestines.
flatus
Gas in the lower intestinal tract that can be released through the anus.
gallstones
Calculi in the gallbladder.
gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach.
gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine.
glossitis
Inflammation of the tongue.
halitosis
Foul mouth odor.
hematemesis
blood in vomit.
hematochezia
Red blood in stool.
hemorrhoids
Swollen, twisted veins in the anus.
hepatitis
Inflammation or disease of the liver.
hepatomegaly
Enlarged liver.
hepatopathy
Liver disease.
hiatal hernia
Protrusion of the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm.
hyperbilirubinemia
Excessive bilirubin in the blood.
icterus
Jaundice.
ileitis
Inflammation of the ileum.
ileus
Intestinal blockage.
intussusception
Prolapse or collapse of an intestinal part into a neighboring part. One section collapses into another like a telescope.
jaundice
Excessive bilirubin in the blood causing yellowing of the skin.
melena
Old blood in the stool.
nausea
Sick feeling in the stomach.
obesity
Abnormal accumulation of fat in the body.
pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas.
parotitis, parotiditis
Inflammation of the parotid gland.
peptic ulcer
Sore on the mucous membrane of the digestive system; stomach ulcer or gastric ulcer.
peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum.
polyposis
Condition with polyps, as in the intestines.
proctitis
Inflammation of the rectum and anus.
sialoadenitis
Inflammation of the salivary glands.
steatorrhea
Fat in the blood.
ulcerative colitis
inflammation of the colon with ulcers.
volvulus
Intestinal blockage caused by the intestine twisting on itself.
abdominocentesis
Incision into the abdomen to remove fluid
or relieve pressure.
anal fistulectomy
Removal of an anal fistula.
anastomosis
Surgical union of two hollow structures.
appendectomy
Removal of the appendix.
Billroth’s I
Excision of the pylorus.
Billroth’s II
Resection of the pylorus with the stomach.
cheiloplasty
Repair of the lips.
cholecystectomy
Removal of the gallbladder.
choledocholithotomy
Removal of stones from the common bile duct.
cholelithotomy
Removal of gallstones.
cholelithotripsy
Breaking up or crushing of stones in the body,
especially gallstones.
colectomy
Removal of the colon.
colostomy
Creation of an opening from the colon into the abdominal wall.
diverticulectomy
Removal of diverticula.
esophagoplasty
repair of the esophagus.
gastrectomy
Removal of part or all of the stomach.
gastric resection or gastric bypass
Removal of part of the stomach and repair of the remaining part.
glossectomy
Removal of the tongue.
glossorrhaphy
Suture of the tongue.
hemorrhoidectomy
removal of hemorrhoids.
hepatic lobectomy
Removal of one or more lobes of the liver.
ileostomy
Creation of an opening into the ileum.
liver biopsy
Removal of a small amount of liver tissue to examine for disease.
pancreatectomy
Removal of the pancreas.
paracentesis
Incision into the abdominal cavity to remove fluid or relieve pressure.
polypectomy
Removal of polyps.
proctoplasty
Repair of the rectum and anus.
antacid
Agent that neutralizes stomach acid.
antidiarrheal
Agent that controls loose, watery stools.
antiemetic
Agent that prevents vomiting.
antispasmodic
Agent that controls intestinal tract spasms.
cathartic [kå-TH0R-t7k]
Greek katharsis, purification Agent that induces vomiting; also a strong laxative for
emptying the bowels.
cathartic [kå-TH0R-t7k]
Greek katharsis, purification Agent that induces vomiting; also a strong laxative for
emptying the bowels.
laxative
Agent that induces bowels to move in order to relieve
constipation.
