Chapter 14 - Digestive System Flashcards
Mechanical digestion
takes place in the mouth by chewing and in the stomach by churning actions.
Chemical digestion
takes place in the mouth by the addition of the saliva and continues in the stomach with the addition of digestive juices to chemically break down the food into simpler elements.
cardiac sphincter
group of muscles that regulates the opening and closing of the stomach entrance
ileocecal sphincter
Located at the bottom of the ileum; sphincter muscle that relaxes to allow undigested and unabsorbed food material into the large intestine in fairly regular waves.
hepatic flexure
right-angle bend of the colon under the liver
splenic flexure
right-angle bend toward the spleen.
hepatic portal system
group of blood vessels that transports blood and other substances to and from the liver
absorption
Passing of nutrients into the bloodstream.
alimentary canal
Muscular tube from the mouth to the anus; digestive tract; gastrointestinal tract.
amino acid
Chemical compound that results from digestion of complex proteins.
amylase
Enzyme that is part of pancreatic juice and saliva and that begins the digestion of carbohydrates.
anal canal
Part of the digestive tract extending from the rectum to the anus.
anus
Place at which feces exit the body.
appendage
Any body part (inside or outside) either subordinate to a larger part or having no specific central function.
appendix
Wormlike appendage to the cecum.
bile
yellowish-brown to greenish fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; aids in fat digestion.
bilirubin
Pigment contained in bile.
body
Middle section of the stomach.
bowel
Intestine.
cecum
pouch at the top of the large intestine connected to the bottom of the ileum.
cheeks
Walls of the oral cavity.
chyme
Semisolid mass of partially digested food and gastric juices that passes from the stomach to the small intestine.
colon
Major portion of the large intestine.
defecation
Release of feces from the anus.
deglutition
Swallowing.
digestion
Conversion of food into nutrients for the body and into waste products for release from the body.
duodenum
Top part of the small intestine where chyme mixes with bile, pancreatic juices, and intestinal juice to continue the digestive process.
elimination
The conversion of waste material from a liquid to a semisolid and removal of that material via defecation.
emulsification
Breaking down of fats.
enzyme
Protein that causes chemical changes in substances in the digestive tract.
regurgitation
Backward flow from the normal direction; emesis
epiglottis
Movable flap of tissue that covers the trachea.
esophagus
part of alimentary canal from the pharynx to the stomach.
fatty acid
acid derived from fat during the digestive process.
feces
Semisolid waste that moves through the large intestine to the anus, where it is released from the body.
frenulum
Mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
fundus
Upper portion of the stomach.
gallbladder
Organ on lower surface of liver; stores bile.
glucose
Sugar found in fruits and plants and stored in various parts of the body.
glycogen
Starch that can be converted into glucose.
gums
Fleshy sockets that hold the teeth.
hard palate
Hard anterior portion of the palate at the roof of the mouth
ileum
Bottom part of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine.
jejunum
Middle section of the small intestine.
large intestine
Passageway in intestinal tract for waste received from small intestine to be excreted through the anus; also, place where water reabsorption takes place.
lingual tonsils
Two mounds of lymph tissue at the back of the tongue.
lipase
enzyme contained in pancreatic juice.
lips
Two muscular folds formed around the outside boundary of the mouth.
liver
Organ important in digestive and metabolic functions; secretes bile.
mastication
Chewing.
mesentery
Membranous tissue that attaches small and large intestines to the muscular wall at the dorsal part of the abdomen.
mouth
Cavity in the face in which food and water is ingested.
palatine tonsils
Mounds of lymphatic tissue on either side of the pharynx.
pancreas
Digestive organ that secretes digestive fluids; endocrine gland that regulates blood sugar.
papilla (pl., papillae)
Tiny projection on the superior surface of the tongue that contains taste buds.
pepsin
Digestive enzyme in gastric juice.
peristalsis
Coordinated, rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle that force food through the digestive tract.
pharynx
Tube through which food passes to the esophagus.
pylorus
Narrowed bottom part of the stomach.
rectum
Bottom portion of large intestine; connected to anal canal.
rugae
Folds in stomach lining; irregular ridges of mucous membrane on the hard palate.
saliva
Fluid secreted by salivary glands; contains amylase.
salivary glands
Glands in the mouth that secrete fluids that aid in breaking down food.
sigmoid colon
S-shaped part of large intestine connecting at the bottom to the rectum.
small intestine
Twenty-foot long tube that continues the process of digestion started in the stomach; place where most absorption takes place.
soft palate
Soft posterior part of the palate in the mouth.
stomach
Large sac between the esophagus and small intestine; place where food is broken down.
stool
Feces.
throat
Pharynx.
tongue
Fleshy part of the mouth that moves food during mastication (and speech).
uvula
Cone-shaped projection hanging down from soft palate.
villus (pl., villi)
tiny, fingerlike projection on the lining of the small intestine with capillaries through which digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and lymphatic system.
an(o)
anus
append(o), appendic(o)
appendix
bil(o), bili
bile
bucc(o)
cheek
cec(o)
cecum
celi(o)
abdomen
chol(e), cholo
bile
cholangi(o)
bile vessel
cholecyst(o)
gallbladder
choledoch(o)
common bile duct
col(o), colon(o)
colon
duoden(o)
duodenum
enter(o)
intestines
esophag(o)
esophagus
gastr(o)
stomach
gloss(o)
tongue
gluc(o)
glucose
glyc(o)
sugar
glycogen(o)
glycogen
hepat(o)
liver
ile(o)
ileum
jejun(o)
jejunum
labi(o)
lip
lingu(o)
tongue