Chapter 7 - Respiratory System Flashcards
Adam’s apple
Thyroid cartilage, supportive structure of the larynx; larger in males than in females.
adenoids
Collection of lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils.
alveolus (pl., alveoli)
Air sac at the end of each bronchiole.
apex
Topmost section of the lung.
base
Bottom section of the lung.
bronchiole
Fine subdivision of the bronchi made of smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
bronchus (pl., bronchi)
One of the two airways from the trachea to the lungs.
cilia
Hairlike extensions of a cell’s surface that usually provide some protection by sweeping foreign particles away.
diaphragm
Membranous muscle between the abdominal and thoracic cavities that contracts and relaxes during the respiratory cycle.
epiglottis
Cartilaginous flap that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway.
expiration
Exhalation.
external respiration
Exchange of air between the body and the outside environment.
glottis
Part of the larynx consisting of the vocal folds of mucous membrane and muscle.
hilum (also hilus)
Midsection of the lung where the nerves and vessels enter and exit.
hypopharynx
Laryngopharynx.
inferior lobe
Bottom lobe of the lung.
inhalation
Breathing in.
inspiration
Inhalation.
intercostal muscles
Muscles between the ribs.
internal respiration
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells.
laryngopharynx
Part of the pharynx below and behind the larynx.
larynx
Organ of voice production in the respiratory tract, between the pharynx and the trachea; voice box.
lung
One of two organs of respiration (left lung and right lung) in the thoracic cavity, where oxygenation of blood takes place.
mediastinum
Median portion of the thoracic cavity; septum between two areas of an organ or cavity.
middle lobe
Middle section of the right lung.
nasal cavity
Opening in the external nose where air enters the body.
nasal septum
Cartilaginous division of the external nose.
nasopharynx
Portion of the throat above the soft palate.
nose
External structure supported by nasal bones and containing nasal cavity.
nostrils
External openings at the base of the nose; also called external nares.
oropharynx
Back portion of the mouth, a division of the pharynx.
palatine tonsils
Lymphatic tissue that works as part of the immune system.
paranasal sinuses
Area of the nasal cavity where external air is warmed by blood in the mucous membrane lining.
parietal pleura
Outer layer of the pleura.
pharyngeal tonsils
adenoids.
pharynx
passageway at back of mouth for air and food; throat.
pleura (pl., pleurae)
Double layer of membrane making up the outside of the lungs.
pleural cavity
Space between the two pleura.
respiratory system
the body’s system for breathing.
respiratory tract
Passageways through which air moves into and out of the lungs.
septum
Cartilaginous division, as in the nose or mediastinum.
soft palate
Flexible muscular sheet that separates the nasopharynx from the rest of the pharynx.
superior lobe
Topmost lobe of each lung.
thorax
Chest cavity.
trachea
Airway from the larynx into the bronchi; windpipe.
visceral pleura
Inner layer of the pleura.
vocal cords
Strips of epithelial tissue that vibrate and play a major role in the production of sound.
adenoid(o)
adenoid, gland
alveol(o)
alveolus
bronch(o), bronchi(o)
bronchus
bronchiol(o)
bronchiole
capn(o)
carbon dioxide
epiglott(o)
epiglottis
laryng(o)
larynx
lob(o)
lobe of the lung
mediastin(o)
mediastinum
nas(o)
nose
or(o)
mouth
ox(o), oxi-, oxy
oxygen
pharyng(o)
pharynx
phon(o)
voice, sound
phren(o)
diaphragm
pleur(o)
pleura
pneum(o), pneumon(o)
air, lung
rhin(o)
nose
spir(o)
breathing
steth(o)
chest
thorac(o)
thorax, chest
tonsill(o)
tonsils
trache(o)
trachea
ABG
arterial blood gases, a diagnostic
test
AFB
acid-fast bacillus (causes tuberculosis)
A&P
auscultation and percussion
AP
anteroposterior
ARD
acute respiratory disease
ARDS
adult respiratory distress syndrome
ARF
acute respiratory failure
BS
breath sounds
COLD
chronic obstructive lung disease
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
DPT
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (combined vaccination)
ENT
ear, nose, and throat
ET tube
endotracheal intubation tube
FEF
forced expiratory flow
FEV
forced expiratory volume
FVC
forced vital capacity
HBOT
hyperbaric oxygen therapy
IMV
intermittent mandatory ventilation
IPPB
intermittent positive pressure breathing
IRDS
infant respiratory distress syndrome
IRV
inspiratory reserve volume
CTA
clear to auscultation
CXR
chest x-ray
DOE
dyspnea on exertion
MDI
metered dose inhaler
PA
posteroanterior
PCP
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (a type of pneumonia to which AIDS patients are susceptible)
PEEP
positive end expiratory pressure
PFT
pulmonary function tests
PND
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea; postnasal drip
RD
respiratory disease
RDS
respiratory distress syndrome
RLL
right lower lobe [of the lungs]
RUL
right upper lobe [of the lungs]
LLL
left lower lobe [of the lungs]
LUL
left upper lobe [of the lungs]
MBC
maximal breathing capacity
SARS
severe acute respiratory syndrome
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome
SOB
shortness of breath
T&A
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
TB
tuberculosis
TLC
total lung capacity
TPR
temperature, pulse, and respiration
URI
upper respiratory infection
VC
vital capacity
V/Q scan
ventilation/perfusion scan
arterial blood gases
Laboratory test that measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood.
auscultation
Listening to internal sounds with a stethoscope.
bronchial alveolar lavage
Retrieval of fluid for examination through a bronchoscope.
bronchial brushing
Retrieval of material for biopsy by insertion of a brush through a bronchoscope.
bronchography
Radiological picture of the trachea and bronchi.
bronchoscope
Device used to examine airways.
endoscope
Tube used to view a body cavity.
laryngoscopy
Visual examination of the mouth and larynx using an endoscope.
mediastinoscopy
Visual examination of the mediastinum and all the organs within it using an endoscope.
nasopharyngoscopy
Examination of the nasal passages and the pharynx using an endoscope.
peak flow meter
Device for measuring breathing capacity.
percussion
Tapping on the surface of the body to see if lungs are clear.
pulmonary function tests
Tests that measure the mechanics of breathing.
spirometer
Testing machine that measures the lungs’ volume and capacity.
sputum sample or culture
Culture of material that is expectorated (or brought back up as mucus).
sweat test
Test for cystic fibrosis that measures the amount of salt in sweat.
throat culture
Test for streptococcal or other infections in which a swab taken on the surface of the throat is placed in a culture to see if certain bacteria grow.
hyaline membrane disease or respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
disorders in newborns that occur most frequently in premature babies and are often the result of underdeveloped lungs.
Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
may have a number of causes, especially injury to the lung.
adenoiditis
Inflammation of the adenoids.
anthracosis
Lung disease caused by long-term inhalation of coal dust; black lung disease.
apnea
Cessation of breathing.
asbestosis
Lung disorder caused by long-term inhalation of asbestos (as in construction work).
asthma
Chronic condition with obstruction or narrowing of the bronchial airways.
atelectasis
Collapse of a lung or part of a lung.
bacilli (sing., bacillus)
A type of bacteria.
bradypnea
Abnormally slow breathing.
bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi.
bronchospasm
Sudden contraction in the bronchi that causes coughing.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Irregular breathing pattern with a period of apnea followed by deep, labored breathing that becomes shallow, then apneic.
chronic bronchitis
Recurring or long-lasting bouts of bronchitis.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Disease of the bronchial tubes or lungs with chronic obstruction.
crackles
Popping sounds heard in lung collapse or other conditions; rales.
croup
Acute respiratory syndrome in children or infants accompanied by seal-like coughing.
cystic fibrosis
Disease that causes chronic airway obstruction and also affects the bronchial tubes.
diphtheria
Acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by bacteria.
dysphonia
Hoarseness usually caused by laryngitis.
dyspnea
Difficult breathing.
emphysema
Chronic condition of hyperinflation of the air sacs; often caused by prolonged smoking.
empyema
Pus in the pleural cavity.
epiglottitis
Inflammation of the epiglottis.
epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose, usually caused by trauma or a sudden rupture of the blood vessels of the nose.
eupnea
Normal breathing.
hemoptysis
Lung or bronchial hemorrhage resulting in the spitting of blood.
hemothorax
Blood in the pleural cavity.
hypercapnia
Excessive buildup of carbon dioxide in lungs, usually associated with hypoventilation.
hyperpnea
Abnormally deep breathing.
hyperventilation
Abnormally fast breathing in and out, often associated with anxiety.
hypoxemia
Deficient amount of oxygen in the blood.
hypoxia
Deficient amount of oxygen in tissue.
laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx.
laryngospasm
Sudden contraction of the larynx, which may cause coughing and may restrict breathing.
laryngotracheobronchitis
Inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
mesothelioma
Rare cancer of the lungs associated with asbestosis.
nasopharyngitis
Inflammation of the nose and pharynx.
orthopnea
Difficulty in breathing, especially while lying down.
pansinusitis
Inflammation of all the sinuses.
paroxysmal
Sudden, as a spasm or convulsion.
pertussis
Severe infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by bacteria; whooping cough.
pharyngitis
Inflammation of the pharynx; sore throat.
pleural effusion
Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity.
pleuritis, pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleura.
pneumoconiosis
Lung condition caused by inhaling dust.
pneumonia
Acute infection of the alveoli.
pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lung.
pneumothorax
Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity.
pulmonary abscess
Large collection of pus in the lungs.
pulmonary edema
Fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles usually caused by failure of the heart to pump enough blood to and from lungs.
rhinitis
Nasal inflammation.
rhinorrhea
Nasal discharge.
silicosis
Lung condition caused by silica dust from grinding rocks or glass or other materials used in manufacturing.
singultus
Hiccuping.
sinusitis
Inflammation of the sinuses.
stridor
High-pitched crowing sound heard in certain respiratory conditions.
tachypnea
Abnormally fast breathing.
tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils.
tracheitis
Inflammation of the trachea.
tuberculosis
Acute infectious disease caused by bacteria called bacilli.
upper respiratory infection
Infection of all or part of upper portion of respiratory tract.
wheezes
Whistling sounds heard on inspiration in certain breathing disorders, especially asthma.
adenoidectomy
Removal of the adenoids.
bronchoplasty
Surgical repair of a bronchus.
endotracheal intubation (ET)
Insertion of a tube through the nose or mouth, pharynx, and larynx and into the trachea to establish an airway.
laryngectomy
Removal of the larynx.
laryngocentesis
Surgical puncture of the larynx.
laryngoplasty
Repair of the larynx.
laryngostomy
Creation of an artificial opening in the larynx.
laryngotracheotomy
Incision into the larynx and trachea.
lobectomy
Removal of one of the lobes of a lung.
otorhinolaryngologist
Medical doctor who diagnoses and treats disorders of the ear, nose, and throat.
pleurocentesis
Surgical puncture of pleural space.
pleuropexy
Fixing in place of the pleura surgically, usually in case of injury or deterioration.
pneumobronchotomy
Incision of the lung and bronchus.
pneumonectomy
Removal of a lung.
rhinoplasty
Surgical repair of the bones of the nose.
septoplasty
Surgical repair of the nasal septum.
septostomy
Creation of an opening in the nasal septum.
sinusotomy
Incision of a sinus.
thoracic surgeon
Surgeon who specializes in surgery of the thorax.
thoracocentesis
Surgical puncture of the chest cavity.
thoracostomy
establishment of an opening in the chest cavity.
thoracotomy
incision into the chest cavity.
tonsillectomy
Removal of the tonsils.
tracheoplasty
Repair of the trachea.
tracheostomy
Creation of an artificial opening in the trachea.
tracheotomy
Incision into the trachea.
antitussives
Agents that control coughing.
bronchodilators
Agents that dilate the walls of the bronchi.
decongestants
Agents that relieve mucus congestion of the upper respiratory tract.
expectorants
Agents that promote the coughing and expelling of mucus.
nebulizers
Devices that deliver medication through the nose or mouth in a fine spray to the respiratory tract.
ventilators
Mechanical breathing devices.
