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Medical Terminology > Chapter 15 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Prostaglandins (PGs)

A

tissue hormones

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2
Q

releasing hormones

A

allowing the secretion of other hormones to take place

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3
Q

inhibiting hormones

A

preventing the secretion of other hormones

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4
Q

Adam’s apple Protrusion in the neck caused by a fold of thyroid
cartilage.

A

Adam’s apple Protrusion in the neck caused by a fold of thyroid
cartilage.

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5
Q

adenohypophysis

A

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

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6
Q

adrenal cortex

A

Outer portion of the adrenal gland; helps control metabolism, inflammations, sodium and potassium retention, and effects of stress.

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7
Q

adrenal gland

A

One of two glands, each of which is situated on top of each kidney.

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8
Q

adrenaline

A

Epinephrine; secreted by adrenal medulla.

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9
Q

adrenal medulla

A

Inner portion of adrenal glands; releases large quantities of hormones during stress.

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10
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Hormone secreted by anterior pituitary; involved in the control of the adrenal cortex.

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11
Q

aldosterone

A

Hormone secreted by adrenal cortex; mineralocorticoid.

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12
Q

alpha cells

A

Specialized cells that produce glucagon in the pancreas.

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13
Q

androgen

A

Any male hormone, such as testosterone.

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14
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Posterior pituitary hormone that increases water reabsorption.

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15
Q

beta cells

A

Specialized cells that produce insulin in the pancreas.

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16
Q

calcitonin

A

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland and other endocrine glands; helps control blood calcium levels.

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17
Q

catecholamines

A

Hormones, such as epinephrine, released in response to stress.

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18
Q

corticosteroids

A

Steroids produced by the adrenal cortex.

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19
Q

cortisol

A

Hydrocortisone.

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20
Q

ductless gland

A

Endocrine gland.

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21
Q

electrolyte

A

Any substance that conducts electricity and is decomposed by it.

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22
Q

endocrine gland

A

Gland that secretes substances into the bloodstream instead of into ducts.

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23
Q

epinephrine

A

Hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to stress; adrenaline.

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24
Q

exocrine gland

A

Any gland that releases substances through ducts to a specific location.

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25
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Hormone released by the anterior pituitary to aid in production of ova and sperm.

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26
Q

gland

A

Any organized mass of tissue secreting or excreting substances.

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27
Q

glucagon

A

Hormone released by the pancreas to increase blood sugar.

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28
Q

glucocorticoids

A

Hormones released by the adrenal cortex.

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29
Q

glycogen

A

converted glucose stored in the liver for future use.

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30
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

Hormone released by the anterior pituitary for stimulating growth.

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31
Q

hormone

A

substance secreted by glands and carried in the bloodstream to various parts of the body.

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32
Q

hypophysis

A

Pituitary gland.

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33
Q

hypothalamus

A

Gland in the nervous system that releases hormones to aid in regulating pituitary hormones.

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34
Q

inhibiting factor

A

Substance in a hormone that prevents the secretion of other hormones.

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35
Q

insulin

A

Substance released by the pancreas to lower blood sugar.

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36
Q

islets of Langerhans

A

Specialized cells in the pancreas that release insulin and glucagon.

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37
Q

isthmus

A

Narrow band of tissue connecting the two lobes of the thyroid gland.

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38
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Hormone released to aid in maturation of ova and ovulation in the female; and aids in the secretion of testosterone in males.

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39
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Hormone released by the pituitary gland; aids in development of melanin pigment of the skin.

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40
Q

melatonin

A

Hormone released by the pineal gland; affects sexual function and sleep patterns.

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41
Q

metabolism

A

The chemical changes in cells that provide energy for vital processes and activities and through which new material is assimilated.

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42
Q

mineralocorticoid

A

Steroid secreted by adrenal cortex.

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43
Q

neurohypophysis

A

Posterior lobe of pituitary gland.

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44
Q

norepinephrine

A

Hormone secreted by adrenal medulla.

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45
Q

ovary

A

One of two female reproductive glands that secrete hormones in the endocrine system.

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46
Q

oxytocin

A

Hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland to aid in uterine contractions and lactation.

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47
Q

pancreas

A

Gland of both the endocrine system (blood sugar control) and the digestive system (as an exocrine gland).

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48
Q

parathormone (PTH)

A

Parathyroid hormone.

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49
Q

parathyroid

A

One of four glands located adjacent to the thyroid gland on its dorsal surface that help maintain levels of blood calcium.

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50
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Hormone released by parathyroid glands to help raise blood calcium levels.

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51
Q

pineal gland

A

Gland located above pituitary gland; secretes melatonin.

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52
Q

pituitary gland

A

Major endocrine gland; secretes hormones essential to metabolic functions.

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53
Q

receptor

A

Part of a target cell with properties compatible with a particular substance (hormone).

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54
Q

releasing factor

A

Substance in a hormone that allows secretion of other hormones.

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55
Q

somatotrophic hormone (STH)

A

Hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland; important in growth and development.

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56
Q

suprarenal gland

A

Adrenal gland.

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57
Q

sympathomimetic

A

Mimicking functions of the sympathetic nervous system.

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58
Q

target cell

A

Cell with receptors that are compatible with specific hormones.

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59
Q

testis (pl., testes)

A

One of two male organs that secrete hormones in the endocrine system.

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60
Q

thymus gland

A

Gland that is part of the immune system as well as part of the endocrine system; aids in the maturation of T and B cells.

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61
Q

thyroid gland

A

gland with two lobes located on either side of the trachea; helps control blood calcium levels and metabolic functions.

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62
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland; stimulates release of thyroid hormones.

63
Q

thyroxine (T4)

A

Compound found in or manufactured for thyroid gland; helps regulate metabolism.

64
Q

triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Thyroid hormone that stimulates growth.

65
Q

vasopressin

A

Hormone secreted by pituitary gland; raises blood pressure.

66
Q

aden(o)

A

gland

67
Q

adren(o), adrenal(o)

A

adrenal glands

68
Q

gluc(o)

A

glucose

69
Q

glyc(o)

A

glycogen

70
Q

gonad(o)

A

sex glands

71
Q

pancreat(o)

A

pancreas

72
Q

parathyroid(o)

A

parathyroid

73
Q

thyr(o), thyroid(o)

A

thyroid gland

74
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

75
Q

ADH

A

ADH antidiuretic hormone

76
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

77
Q

DM

A

diabetes mellitus

78
Q

OT

A

oxytoxin

79
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

80
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

81
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

82
Q

HCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

83
Q

IDDM

A

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

84
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

85
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

86
Q

NIDDM

A

noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

87
Q

PG

A

prostaglandins

88
Q

PRL

A

prolactin

89
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone, parathormone

90
Q

STH

A

somatotropin hormone

91
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

92
Q

blood sugar, blood glucose

A

Test for glucose in blood.

93
Q

fasting blood sugar

A

Test for glucose in blood following a fast of 12 hours.

94
Q

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

Blood test for body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates; taken after a 10–12-hour fast, then repeated every hour for 4 to 6 hours after ingestion of a sugar solution.

95
Q

glycosylated hemoglobin A1C

A

Blood test for an average of glucose levels over the previous 2–3 months.

96
Q

postprandial blood sugar

A

Test for glucose in blood, two hours after a meal.

97
Q

radioactive immunoassay (RIA)

A

Test for measuring hormone levels in plasma; taken after radioactive solution is ingested.

98
Q

radioactive iodine uptake

A

Test for how quickly the thyroid gland pulls in ingested iodine.

99
Q

thyroid function test or study

A

Test for levels of TSH, T 3, and T 4 in blood plasma to determine thyroid function.

100
Q

thyroid scan

A

Imaging test for thyroid abnormalities.

101
Q

urine sugar

A

test for diabetes; determined by presence of sugar in urine.

102
Q

tetany

A

Severe, continual muscle contractions

103
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome

A

results in symptoms of excessive androgens both in men and women

104
Q

acidosis

A

Abnormal accumulation of ketones in the body.

105
Q

acromegaly

A

Abnormally enlarged features resulting from a pituitary tumor and hypersecretion of growth hormone.

106
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Underactivity of the adrenal glands.

107
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Group of symptoms caused by overactivity of the adrenal glands.

108
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

Condition caused by hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

109
Q

diabetic nephropathy

A

Kidney disease due to diabetes.

110
Q

diabetic neuropathy

A

Loss of sensation in the extremities due to diabetes.

111
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

Gradual loss of vision due to diabetes.

112
Q

dwarfism

A

abnormally stunted growth caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone, congenital lack of a thyroid gland, or a genetic defect.

113
Q

exophthalmos

A

Abnormal protrusion of the eyes typical of Graves’ disease.

114
Q

gigantism

A

Abnormally fast and large growth caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone.

115
Q

glucosuria or glycosuria

A

Glucose in the urine.

116
Q

goiter

A

Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland.

117
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Overactivity of the thyroid gland.

118
Q

hirsutism

A

Abnormal hair growth due to an excess of androgens.

119
Q

hyperadrenalism

A

overactivity of the adrenal glands.

120
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

Overactivity of the parathyroid glands.

121
Q

hypersecretion

A

Abnormally high secretion, as from a gland.

122
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

Overactivity of the thyroid gland.

123
Q

hypoadrenalism

A

Underactivity of the adrenal glands.

124
Q

hypoglycemia

A

Abnormally low level of glucose in the blood.

125
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

Underactivity of the parathyroid glands.

126
Q

hyposecretion

A

Abnormally low secretion, as from a gland.

127
Q

hypothyroidism

A

Underactivity of the thyroid gland.

128
Q

ketoacidosis

A

Condition of high acid levels caused by the abnormal accumulation of ketones in the body.

129
Q

ketosis

A

Condition caused by the abnormal release of ketones in the body.

130
Q

myxedema

A

Advanced adult hypothyroidism.

131
Q

pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas.

132
Q

polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst.

133
Q

polyuria

A

Excessive excretion of urine, resulting in frequent urination.

134
Q

syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

A

Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

135
Q

tetany

A

Neurological syndrome, usually due to decreased serum levels of calcium in the blood.

136
Q

thyrotoxicosis

A

State of dangerously high levels of thyroid hormone.

137
Q

Type I diabetes

A

Endocrine disorder with abnormally low or completely absent levels of insulin; also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).

138
Q

Type II diabetes

A

Disease caused by failure of the body to recognize insulin that is present or by an abnormally low level of insulin; also known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM); usually adult onset.

139
Q

virilism

A

Condition with excessive androgen production, often resulting in the appearance of mature male characteristics in young.

140
Q

adenectomy

A

Removal of a gland.

141
Q

adrenalectomy

A

Removal of an adrenal gland.

142
Q

hypophysectomy

A

Removal of the pituitary gland. Also called hypophysis.

143
Q

pancreatectomy

A

Removal of the pancreas.

144
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

Removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands.

145
Q

thymectomy

A

Removal of the thymus gland.

146
Q

thyroidectomy

A

Removal of the thyroid.

147
Q

antihyperglycemic

A

Agent that lowers blood glucose.

148
Q

antihypoglycemic

A

Agent that raises blood glucose.

149
Q

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

A

ingestion of hormones to replace missing (or increase low levels of needed) hormones.

150
Q

human growth hormone

A

Naturally occurring substance in the body that promotes growth; synthesized substance that serves the same function.

151
Q

hypoglycemic

A

Agent that lowers blood glucose.

152
Q

radioactive iodine therapy

A

Use of radioactive iodine to eliminate thyroid tumors.

153
Q

steroid

A

A hormone or chemical substance released by several endocrine glands or manufactured in various medications.

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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