Chapter 5 - Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
axial portion of the skeleton
includes the trunk and head
appendicular portion of the skeleton
includes the limbs
long bone
Any bone of the extremities with a shaft; The longest portion of a long bone is called the shaft.
femur
Long bone of the thigh; The femur is the longest bone in the body.
radius
Shorter bone of the forearm; bone in line with thumb
ulna
Larger bone of the forearm; bone in line with pinky
Flexion
the bending of a limb.
Extension
the straightening of a limb.
Rotation
the circular move ment of a part, such as the neck.
Abduction
move ment away fro m the body.
Adduction
move ment toward the body.
Supination
a turning up, as of the hand.
Pronation
a turning down, as of the hand.
Dorsiflexion
a bending up, as of the ankle.
Plantar flexion
a bending down, as of the ankle.
acetabulum
Cup-shaped depression in the hip bone into which the top of the femur fits.
acromion
Part of the scapula that connects to the clavicle.
amphiarthrosis (pl., amphiarthoses)
Cartilaginous joint having some movement at the union of two bones.
ankle
Hinged area between the lower leg bones and the bones of the foot.
articular cartilage
Cartilage at a joint.
articulation
Point at which two bones join together to allow movement.
atlas
First cervical vertebra.
axis
Second cervical vertebra.
bone
hard connective tissue that forms the skeleton of the body.
bone head
Upper, rounded end of a bone.
bone phagocyte
Bone cell that ingests dead bone and bone debris.
bursa (pl., bursae)
Sac lined with a synovial membrane that fills the spaces between tendons and joints.
calcaneus
Heel bone.
calcium
Mineral important in the formation of bone.
cancellous bone
Spongy bone with a latticelike structure.
cardiac muscle
Striated involuntary muscle of the heart.
carpus or carpal bone
Wrist or wrist bone.
cartilage
Flexible connective tissue found in joints, fetal skeleton, and the lining of various parts of the body.
cartilaginous
Thick, circular mass of cartilage between the vertebrae of the spinal column.
cervical vertebrae
Seven vertebrae of the spinal column located in the neck.
clavicle
Curved bone of the shoulder that joins to the scapula; collar bone.
coccyx
Small bone consisting of four fused vertebrae at the end of the spinal column; tailbone.
compact bone
Hard bone with a tightly woven structure.
condyle
Rounded surface at the end of a bone.
crest
Bony ridge.
diaphysis
Long middle section of a long bone; shaft.
diarthroses (sing., diarthrosis)
Freely movable joints.
dorsal vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae.
elbow
Joint between the upper arm and the forearm.
endosteum
Lining of the medullary cavity.
epiphyseal plate
Cartilaginous tissue that is replaced during growth years, but eventually calcifies and disappears when growth stops.
ethmoid bone
Irregular bone of the face attached to the sphenoid bone.
ethmoid sinuses
Sinuses on both sides of the nasal cavities between each eye and the sphenoid sinus.
fascia (pl., fasciae)
Sheet of fibrous tissue that encloses muscles.
fibula
Smallest long bone of the lower leg.
fissure
Deep furrow or slit.
flat bones
Thin, flattened bones that cover certain areas, as of the skull.
fontanelle
Soft, membranous section on top of an infant’s skull.
foramen
Opening or perforation through a bone.
foramen magnum
Opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.
fossa (pl., fossae)
Depression, as in a bone.
frontal bone
Large bone of the skull that forms the top of the head and forehead.
frontal sinuses
Sinuses above the eyes.
heel
Back, rounded portion of the foot.
humerus
Long bone of the arm connecting to the scapula on top and the radius and ulna at the bottom.
ilium
Wide portion of the hip bone.
insertion
Point at which a muscle attaches to a movable bone.
involuntary muscle
Muscle not movable at will.
irregular bones
Any of a group of bones with a special shape to fit into certain areas of the skeleton, such as the skull.
ischium
One of three fused bones that form the pelvic girdle.
joint
Place of joining between two or more bones.
lacrimal bone
Thin, flat bone of the face.
lamina (pl., laminae)
Thin, flat part of either side of the arch of a vertebra.
ligament
Sheet of fibrous tissue connecting and supporting bones; attaches bone to bone.
lumbar vertebrae
Five vertebrae of the lower back.
malleolus (pl., malleoli)
Rounded protrusion of the tibia or fibula on either side of the ankle.
mandible
U-shaped bone of the lower jaw.
mandibular bone
Mandible.
marrow
Connective tissue filling the medullary cavity, often rich in nutrients.
mastoid process
Protrusion of the temporal bone that sits behind
the ear.
maxillary bone
Bone of the upper jaw.
maxillary sinus
Sinus on either side of the nasal cavity below the eyes.
medullary cavity
Soft center cavity in bone that often holds marrow.
metacarpal
One of five bones of the hand between the wrist and the fingers.
metaphysis
Section of a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
metatarsal bones
Bones of the foot between the instep (arch) and the toes.
muscle
Contractile tissue that plays a major role in body movement.
musculoskeletal system
System of the body including the muscles and skeleton.
nasal bones
Bones that form the bridge of the nose.
nasal cavity
Cavity on either side of the nasal septum.
neural canal
Space through which the spinal cord passes.
nucleus pulposus
Fibrous mass in the center portion of the intervertebral disk.
occipital bone
Bone that forms the lower back portion of the skull.
olecranon
Curved end of the ulna to which tendons of the arm muscles attach; bony prominence of the elbow.
origin
Point at which muscles attach to stationary bone.
osseous tissue
Connective tissue into which calcium salts are deposited.
ossification
Hardening into bone.
osteoblast
Cell that forms bone.
osteoclast
Large cell that reabsorbs and removes osseous tissue.
osteocyte
Bone cell.
palatine bone
Bone that helps form the hard palate and nasal cavity; located behind the maxillary bones.
parietal bone
Flat, curved bone on either side of the upper part of the skull.
patella
Large, sesamoid bone that forms the kneecap.
pelvic cavity
Cup-shaped cavity formed by the large bones of the pelvic girdle; contains female reproductive organs, sigmoid colon, bladder, and rectum.
pelvic girdle
Hip bones.
pelvis
Cup-shaped ring of bone and ligaments at the base of the trunk.
periosteum
Fibrous membrane covering the surface of bone.
phalanges (sing., phalanx)
Long bones of the fingers and toes.
phosphorus
Mineral important to the formation of bone.
process
Bony outgrowth or projection.
pubes
Anteroinferior portion of the hip bone.
pubic symphysis
Joint between the two public bones.
rib
One of twenty-four bones that form the chest wall.
sacrum
Next-to-last spinal vertebra made up of five fused bones; vertebra that forms part of the pelvis.
scapula
Large flat bone that forms the shoulder blade.
sella turcica
Bony depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located.
sesamoid bone
Bone formed in a tendon over a joint.
shin
Anterior ridge of the tibia.
short bones
Square-shaped bones with approximately equal dimensions on all sides.
sinus
Hollow cavity, especially either of two cavities on the sides of the nose.
skeleton
Bony framework of the body.
smooth muscle
Fibrous muscle of internal organs that acts involuntarily.
sphenoid bone
Bone that forms the base of the skull.
sphenoid sinus
Sinus above and behind the nose.
spinal column
Column of vertebrae at the posterior of the body, from the neck to the coccyx.
spinous process
Protrusion from the center of the vertebral arch.
spongy bone
Bone with an open latticework filled with connective tissue or marrow.
sternum
Long, flat bone that forms the midline of the anterior of the thorax.
striated muscle
Muscle with a ribbed appearance that is controlled at will.
styloid process
Peg-shaped protrusion from a bone.
sulcus (pl., sulci)
Groove or furrow in the surface of bone.
suture
joining of two bone parts with a fibrous membrane.
symphysis
Type of cartilaginous joint uniting two bones.
synarthrosis
Fibrous joint with no movement.
synovial fluid
Fluid that serves to lubricate joints.
synovial joint
A joint that moves.
synovial membrane
Connective tissue lining the cavity of joints and producing the synovial fluid.
tarsus or tarsal bones
Seven bones of the instep (arch of the foot).
temporal bone
Large bone forming the base and sides of the skull.
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Joint of the lower jaw between the temporal bone and the mandible.
tendon
Fibrous band that connects muscle to bone or other structures.
thoracic vertebrae
Twelve vertebrae of the chest area.
thorax
Part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; chest.
tibia
Larger of the two lower leg bones.
transverse process
Protrusion on either side of the vertebral arch.
trochanter
Bony protrusion at the upper end of the femur.
true ribs
Seven upper ribs of the chest that attach to the sternum.
tubercle
Slight bony elevation to which a ligament or muscle may be attached.
tuberosity
Large elevation in the surface of a bone.
vertebra (pl., vertebrae)
One of the bony segments of the spinal column.
vertebral body
Main portion of the vertebra, separate from the arches of the vertebra.
vertebral column
Spinal column.
visceral muscle
Smooth muscle.
vitamin D
Vitamin important to the formation of bone.
voluntary muscle
Striated muscle.
vomer
Flat bone forming the nasal septum.
zygomatic bone
Bone that forms the cheek.
acetabul(o)
acetabulum
acromi(o)
end point of the scapula
ankyl(o
bent, crooked
arthr(o)
joint
brachi(o)
arm
burs(o)
bursa
calcane(o)
heel
calci(o)
calcium
carp(o)
wrist
cephal(o)
head
cervic(o)
neck
chondr(o)
cartilage
condyl(o)
knob, knuckle
cost(o)
rib
crani(o)
skull
dactyl(o)
fingers, toes
fasci(o)
fascia
femor(o)
femur
fibr(o)
fiber
humer(o)
humerus
ili(o)
ilium
ischi(o)
ischium
kyph(o)
hump; bent
lamin(o)
lamina
leiomy(o)
smooth muscle
lumb(o)
lumbar
maxill(o)
upper jaw
metacarp(o)
metacarpal
my(o)
muscle
myel(o)
spinal cord; bone marrow
oste(o)
bone
patell(o)
knee
ped(i), ped(o)
foot
pelv(i)
pelvis
phalang(o)
finger or toe bone
pod(o)
foot
pub(o)
pubis
rachi(o)
spine
radi(o)
forearm bone
rhabd(o)
rod-shaped
rhabdomy(o)
striated muscle
scapul(o)
scapula
scoli(o)
curved
spondyl(o)
vertebra
stern(o)
sternum
synov(o)
synovial membrane
tars(o)
tarsus
ten(o), tend(o), tendin(o)
tendon
thorac(o)
thorax
tibi(o)
tibia
uln(o)
ulna
vertebr(o)
vertebra
A-K
above the knee (amputation)
ASIS
anterior superior iliac spine
B
bilateral
B-K
below the knee (amputation)
C 1, C 2, etc.
first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, etc.
Ca
calcium
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
D 1, D 2, etc.
first dorsal vertebra, second dorsal vertebra, etc. (now referred to as first thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, etc.)
DJD
degenerative joint disease
DTR
deep tendon reflex
EMG
electromyogram
Fx
fracture
IM
intramuscularly
L
left
L 1, L 2, etc.
first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, etc.
MCP
metacarpophalangeal
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
OA
osteoarthritis
P
phosphorus
PIP
proximal interphalangeal joints
PSIS
posterior superior iliac spine
R
right
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
ROM
range of motion
T1, T 2, etc.
first thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, etc.
TMJ
temporomandibular joint
arthrography
Radiography of a joint.
arthroscopy
Examination with an instrument that explores the interior of a joint.
bone scan
Radiographic or nuclear medicine image of a bone.
chiropractor
Health care professional who works to align the spinal column so as to treat certain ailments.
densitometer
Device that measures bone density using light and x-rays.
diskography
Radiographic image of an intervertebral disk by injection of a contrast medium into the center of the disk.
electromyogram
A graphic image of muscular action using electrical currents.
goniometer
Instrument that measures angles or range of motion in a joint.
myelography
Radiographic imaging of the spinal cord.
orthopedist or orthopedic surgeon
Physician who examines, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
osteopath
Physician who combines manipulative treatment with conventional therapeutic measures.
podiatrist
Medical specialist who examines, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the foot.
rheumatoid factor test
Test used to detect rheumatoid arthritis.
rheumatologist
Physician who examines, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the joints and musculoskeletal system.
serum calcium
Test for calcium in the blood.
serum creatine phosphokinase
Enzyme active in muscle contraction; usually phosphokinase is elevated after a myocardial infarction and in the presence of other degenerative muscle diseases.
serum phosphorus
Test for phosphorus in the blood.
Tinel’s sign
“Pins and needles” sensation felt when an injured nerve site is tapped.
uric acid test
Test for acid content in urine; elevated levels may indicate gout.
avulsion fracture
caused by the pulling of a ligament
intracapsular fracture
fracture within the capsule of a joint.
ankylosis
Stiffening of a joint, especially as a result of disease.
arthralgia
Severe joint pain.
arthritis
Any of various conditions involving joint inflammation.
atrophy
Wasting away of tissue, organs, and cells, usually as a result of disease or loss of blood supply.
bony necrosis
Death of portions of bone.
bunion
An inflamed bursa at the foot joint, between the big toe and the first metatarsal bone.
bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa.
calcar
Spur.
carpal tunnel syndrome
Pain and paresthesia in the hand due to repetitive motion injury of the median nerve.
chondromalacia
Softening of cartilage.
closed fracture
Fracture with no open skin wound.
Colles’ fracture
Fracture of the lower end of the radius.
comminuted fracture
Fracture with shattered bones.
complex fracture
Fracture with part of the bone displaced.
complicated fracture
Fracture involving extensive soft tissue injury.
compound fracture
Fracture with an open skin wound; open fracture.
compression fracture
Fracture of one or more vertebrae caused by compressing of the space between the vertebrae.
contracture
Extreme resistance to the stretching of a muscle.
crepitation, crepitus
noise made by rubbing together of bones.
degenerative arthritis
Arthritis with erosion of the cartilage.
dislocation
Movement of a joint out of its normal position as a result of an injury or sudden, strenuous movement.
dystonia
Abnormal tone in tissues.
epiphysitis
Inflammation of the epiphysis.
exostosis
Abnormal bone growth capped with cartilage.
flaccid
Without tone; relaxed.
fracture
A break, especially in a bone.
gouty arthritis, gout
Inflammation of the joints, present in gout; usually caused by uric acid crystals.
greenstick fracture
Fracture with twisting or bending of the bone but no breaking; usually occurs in children.
hairline fracture
Fracture with no bone separation or fragmentation.
herniated disk
protrusion of an intervertebral disk into the neural canal.
hypertrophy
Abnormal increase as in muscle size.
hypotonia
Abnormally reduced muscle tension.
impacted fracture
Fracture in which a fragment from one part of the fracture is driven into the tissue of another part.
incomplete fracture
Fracture that does not go entirely through a bone.
kyphosis
Abnormal posterior spine curvature.
leiomyoma
Benign tumor of smooth muscle.
leiomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor of smooth muscle.
lordosis
abnormal anterior spine curvature resulting in a sway back.
muscular dystrophy
Progressive degenerative disorder affecting the musculoskeletal system and, later, other organs.
myalgia
Muscle pain.
myeloma
Bone marrow tumor.
myodynia
Muscle pain.
myoma
Benign muscle tumor.
myositis
Inflammation of a muscle.
open fracture
Fracture with an open skin wound; compound fracture.
ostealgia
Bone pain.
osteoarthritis
Arthritis with loss of cartilage.
osteodynia
Bone pain.
osteoma
Benign bone tumor, usually on the skull or mandible.
osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone marrow and surrounding bone.
osteoporosis
Degenerative thinning of bone.
osteosarcoma
Malignant tumor of bone.
pathological fracture
Fracture occurring at the site of already damaged bone.
phantom limb; phantom pain
Pain felt in a paralyzed or amputated limb.
physical therapy
Movement therapy to restore use of damaged areas of the body.
podagra
Pain in the big toe, often associated with gout.
rhabdomyoma
Benign tumor in striated muscle.
rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor in striated muscle.
rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune disorder affecting connective tissue.
rickets
Disease of the skeletal system, usually caused by vitamin D deficiency.
rigidity
Stiffness.
rigor
Stiffening.
sciatica
Pain in the lower back, usually radiating down the leg, from a herniated disk or other injury or condition.
scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spinal column.
sequestrum
Piece of dead tissue or bone separated from the surrounding area.
simple fracture
Fracture with no open skin wound.
spasm
Sudden, involuntary muscle contraction.
spastic
Tending to have spasms.
spina bifida
Congenital defect with deformity of the spinal column.
spinal curvature
Abnormal curvature of the spine.
spondylolisthesis
Degenerative condition in which one vertebra
misaligns with the one below it; slipped disk.
spondylolysis
Degenerative condition of the moving part of a vertebra.
sprain
Injury to a joint without dislocation or fracture. (can involve a ligament). This is worse than a strain and often takes longer to heal than does a fracture and can be more painful.
spur
Bony projection growing out of a bone; calcar.
strain
Injury to a muscle as a result of improper use or overuse.
subluxation
Partial dislocation, as between joint surfaces.
talipes calcaneus
Deformity of the heel resulting from weakened calf muscles.
talipes valgus
Foot deformity characterized by eversion of the foot.
talipes varus
Foot deformity characterized by inversion of the foot.
tendinitis, tendonitis
Inflammation of a tendon.
tetany
Painfully long muscle contraction.
tremor
Abnormal, repetitive muscle contractions.
open reduction
done surgically to repair either fractured or dislocated
bones
closed reduction
external manipulation used for dislocated bones, such as a shoulder bone.
amputation
Cutting off of a limb or part of a limb.
arthrocentesis
Removal of fluid from a joint with use of a puncture needle.
arthrodesis
Surgical fusion of a joint to stiffen it.
arthroplasty
Surgical replacement or repair of a joint.
bone grafting
Transplantation of bone from one site to another.
bunionectomy
Removal of a bunion.
bursectomy
Removal of a bursa.
casting
Forming of a cast in a mold; placing of fiberglass or plaster over a body part to prevent its movement.
external fixation device
Device applied externally to hold a limb in place.
internal fixation device
Device, such as a pin, inserted in bone to hold it in place.
laminectomy
Removal of part of an intervertebral disk.
myoplasty
Surgical repair of muscle tissue.
orthosis or orthotic
external appliance used to immobilize or assist the movement of the spine or limbs.
osteoclasis
Breaking of a bone in order to repair or reposition it.
osteoplasty
Surgical replacement or repair of bone.
osteotomy
Cutting of bone.
prosthetic device
Artificial device used as a substitute for a missing or diseased body part.
reduction
Return of a part to its normal position.
splinting
Applying a splint to immobilize a body part.
spondylosyndesis
Fusion of two or more spinal vertebrae.
synovectomy
Removal of part or all of a joint’s synovial membrane.
tenotomy
Surgical cutting of a tendon.
traction
Dragging or pulling or straightening of something, as a limb, by attachment of elastic or other devices.
analgesic
Agent that relieves pain.
anti-inflammatory (corticosteroid)
Agent that reduces inflammation.
muscle relaxant
Agent that relieves muscle stiffness.
narcotic
Agent that relieves pain by affecting the body in ways that are similar to opium.
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
Agent that reduces inflammation without the use of steroids.
