Chapter 6 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards
pericardium
;covers the pericardial cavity which is filled with pericardial fluid, a lubricant for the membranes of the heart.; consists of the visceral pericardium - inner portion (epicardium) and the parietal pericardium (the outer portion).
interatrial septum
The part of the septum between the two atria (plural of atrium)
interventricular septum
the part between the two ventricles
coronary circulation
the circulation of blood within the heart
pulmonary circulation
the flow of blood between the heart and lungs
systemic circulation
the flow of blood between the heart and the cells of the body.
cardiac output
volume of blood pumped
stroke volume
volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each heartbeat
cardiac cycle
Each complete heartbeat
aorta
Largest artery of the body; vessel through which oxygenated blood exits the heart.
aortic valve
Valve between the aorta and the left ventricle.
arteriole
A tiny artery connecting to a capillary.
artery
A thick-walled blood vessel that, in systemic circulation, carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.
atrioventricular
Bundle of fibers in the interventricular septum that transfers charges in the heart’s conduction system; also called bundle of His.
atrioventricular (AV) node
Specialized part of the interatrial septum that sends a charge to the bundle of His.
atrioventricular valve
One of two valves that control blood flow between the atria and ventricles.
atrium (pl., atria)
Either of the two upper chambers of the heart.
bicuspid valve
Atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart.
blood
Essential fluid made up of plasma and other elements that circulates throughout the body; delivers nutrients to and removes waste from the body’s cells.
blood pressure
Measure of the force of blood surging against the walls of the arteries.
blood vessel
Any of the tubular passageways in the cardiovascular system through which blood travels.
capillary
The smallest blood vessel that forms the exchange point between the arterial and venous vessels.
carbon dioxide (CO2)
Waste material transported in the venous blood.
cardiac cycle
Repeated contraction and relaxation of the heart as it circulates blood within itself and pumps it out to the rest of the body or the lungs.
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cardiovascular
Relating to or affecting the heart and blood vessels.
carotid artery
Artery that transports oxygenated blood to the head and neck.
conduction system
Part of the heart containing specialized tissue that sends electrical charges through heart fibers, causing the heart to contract and relax at regular intervals.
coronary artery
Blood vessel that supplies oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
depolarization
Contracting state of the myocardial tissue in the heart’s conduction system.
diastole
Relaxation phase of a heartbeat.
ductus arteriosus
Structure in the fetal circulatory system through which blood flows to bypass the fetus’s nonfunctioning lungs.
ductus venosus
Structure in the fetal circulatory system through which blood flows to bypass the fetal liver.
endocardium
Membranous lining of the chambers and valves of the heart; the innermost layer of heart tissue.
endothelium
Lining of the arteries that secretes substances into the blood.
epicardium
Outermost layer of heart tissue.
femoral artery
An artery that supplies blood to the thigh.
foramen ovale
Opening in the septum of the fetal heart that closes at birth.
heart
Muscular organ that receives blood from the veins and sends it into the arteries.
inferior vena cava
Large vein that draws blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium.
left atrium
Upper left heart chamber.
left ventricle
Lower left heart chamber.
myocardium
Muscular layer of heart tissue between the epicardium and the endocardium.
pacemaker
Term for the sinoatrial (SA) node; also, an artificial device that regulates heart rhythm.
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polarization
Resting state of the myocardial tissue in the conduction system of the heart.
polarization
Resting state of the myocardial tissue in the conduction system of the heart.
popliteal artery
An artery that supplies blood to the cells of the area behind the knee.
pulmonary artery
One of two arteries that carry blood that is low in oxygen from the heart to the lungs.
pulmonary valve
valve that controls the blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries.
pulmonary vein
One of four veins that bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
pulse
rhythmic expansion and contraction of a blood vessel, usually an artery.
repolarization
Recharging state; transition from contraction to resting that occurs in the conduction system of the heart.
right atrium
Upper right chamber of the heart.
right ventricle
Lower right chamber of the heart.
saphenous vein
Any of a group of veins that transport deoxygenated blood from the legs.
semilunar valve
One of the two valves that prevent the backflow of blood flowing out of the heart into the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
septum (pl., septa)
Partition between the left and right chambers of the heart.
sinoatrial node
Region of the right atrium containing specialized tissue that sends electrical impulses to the heart muscle, causing it to contract.
sinus rhythm
Normal heart rhythm.
superior vena cava
Large vein that transports blood collected from the upper part of the body to the heart.
systole
Contraction phase of the heartbeat.
valve
Any of various structures that slow or prevent fluid from flowing backward or forward.
valve
Any of various structures that slow or prevent fluid from flowing backward or forward.
vein
Any of various blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood toward the heart, except the pulmonary vein.
venule
A tiny vein connecting to a capillary.
venule
A tiny vein connecting to a capillary.
angi(o)
blood vessel
aort(o)
aorta
arteri(o), arter(o)
artery
ather(o)
fatty matter
atri(o)
atrium
cardi(o)
heart
hemangi(o)
blood vessel
pericardi(o)
pericardium
phleb(o)
vein
sphygm(o)
pulse
thromb(o)
blood clot
vas(o)
blood vessel
ven(o)
vein
AcG
accelerator globulin
AF
atrial fibrillation
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
AS
aortic stenosis
ASCVD
arteriosclerotic cardiovascular
disease
ASD
septal defect
ASHD
arteriosclerotic heart disease
AV
atrioventricular
BP
blood pressure bpm beats per minute
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CAD
coronary artery disease
cath
catheter
CCU
coronary care unit
CHD
coronary heart disease
CHF
congestive heart failure
CO
cardiac output
CPK
creatine phosphokinase
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
CVD
cardiovascular disease
DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
DSA
digital subtraction angiography
DVT
deep venous thrombosis
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram
ECHO
echocardiogram
ETT
exercise tolerance test
GOT
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
HDL
high-density lipoprotein
HR
heart rate
LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
LDL
low-density lipoprotein
LV
left ventricle
LVH
left ventricular hypertrophy
MI
mitral insufficiency; myocardial infarction
MR
mitral regurgitation
MS
mitral stenosis
MUGA
multiple-gated acquisition scan
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
PAC
premature atrial contraction
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PVC
premature ventricular contraction
SA
sinoatrial
SV
stroke volume
TC
total cholesterol
tPA, TPA
tissue plasminogen activator
VLDL
very low-density lipoprotein
VSD
ventricular septal defect
VT
ventricular tachycardia
angiocardiography
Viewing of the heart and its major blood vessels by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium.
angiography
Viewing of the heart’s major blood vessels by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium.
aortography
Viewing of the aorta by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium.
arteriography
Viewing of a specific artery by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium.
auscultation
Process of listening to body sounds via a stethoscope.
cardiac catheterization
Process of passing a thin catheter through an artery or vein to the heart to take blood samples, inject a contrast medium, or measure various pressures.
cardiac enzyme tests/studies
Blood tests for determining levels of enzymes during a myocardial infarction; serum enzyme tests.
cardiac MRI
Viewing of the heart by magnetic resonance imaging.
cardiac scan
Process of viewing the heart muscle at work by scanning the heart of a patient into whom a radioactive substance has been injected.
cholesterol
Fatty substance present in animal fats; cholesterol circulates in the bloodstream, sometimes causing arterial plaque to form.
digital subtraction angiography
Use of two angiograms done with different dyes to provide a comparison between the results.
Doppler ultrasound
Christian Doppler (1803–1853), Austrian physicist; Ultrasound test of blood flow in certain blood vessels.
echocardiography
Use of sound waves to produce images showing the structure and motion of the heart.
ejection fraction
Percentage of the volume of the contents of the left ventricle ejected with each contraction.
electrocardiography
Use of the electrocardiograph in diagnosis.
Holter monitor
After Norman Holter (1914–1983), U.S. biophysicist; Portable device that provides a 24-hour electrocardiogram.
lipid profile
Laboratory test that provides the levels of lipids, triglycerides, and other substances in the blood.
multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) angiography
Radioactive scan showing heart function.
phlebography
Viewing of a vein by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium.
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
Type of nuclear image that measures movement of areas of the heart.
serum enzyme tests
Laboratory tests performed to detect enzymes present during or after a myocardial infarction; cardiac enzyme studies.
sonography
Production of images based on the echoes of sound waves against structures.
sphygmomanometer
Device for measuring blood pressure.
stress test
Test that measures heart rate, blood pressure, and other body functions while the patient is exercising on a treadmill.
triglyceride
Fatty substance; lipid.
venography
Viewing of a vein by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium.
ventriculogram
X-ray of a ventricle taken after injection of a contrast medium.
Buerger’s Disease
an inflammation of the peripheral arteries and veins in the arms and legs with clot formations.
aneurysm
Ballooning of the artery wall caused by weakness in the wall.
angina
Angina pectoris.
angina pectoris
Chest pain, usually caused by a lowered oxygen or blood supply to the heart.
aortic regurgitation or reflux
Backward flow or leakage of blood through a faulty aortic valve.
aortic stenosis
Narrowing of the aorta.
arrhythmia
Irregularity in the rhythm of the heartbeat.
arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries.
arteritis
Inflammation of an artery or arteries.
asystole
Cardiac arrest.
atheroma
A fatty deposit (plaque) in the wall of an artery.
atherosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries caused by the buildup of atheromas.
atrial fibrillation
An irregular, usually rapid, heartbeat caused by overstimulation of the AV node.
atrioventricular block
Heart block; partial or complete blockage of the electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles.
bacterial endocarditis
Bacterial inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.
bradycardia
Heart rate of fewer than 60 beats per minute.
bruit
Sound or murmur, especially an abnormal heart sound heard on auscultation, especially of the carotid artery.
cardiac arrest
Sudden stopping of the heart; also called asystole.
cardiac tamponade
Compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.
cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle.
claudication
Limping caused by inadequate blood supply during activity; usually subsides during rest.
coarctation of the aorta
Abnormal narrowing of the aorta.
congenital heart disease
Heart disease (usually a type of malformation) that exists at birth.
congestive heart failure
Inability of the heart to pump enough blood out during the cardiac cycle; collection of fluid in the lungs results.
constriction
Compression or narrowing caused by contraction, as of a vessel.
coronary artery disease
Condition that reduces the flow of blood and nutrients through the arteries of the heart.
cyanosis
Bluish or purplish coloration, as of the skin, caused by inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
deep vein thrombosis
Formation of a thrombus (clot) in a deep vein, such as a femoral vein.
dysrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm.
embolus
Mass of foreign material blocking a vessel.
endocarditis
Inflammation of the endocardium, especially an inflammation caused by a bacterial (for example, staphylococci) or fungal agent.
essential hypertension
High blood pressure without any known cause.
fibrillation
Random, chaotic, irregular heart rhythm.
flutter
Regular but very rapid heartbeat.
gallop
Triple sound of a heartbeat, usually indicative of serious heart disease.
hemorrhoids
Varicose condition of veins in the anal region.
hypertension
Chronic condition with blood pressure greater than 140/90.
hypertensive heart disease
Heart disease caused, or worsened, by high blood pressure.
hypotension
Chronic condition with blood pressure below normal.
infarct
Area of necrosis caused by a sudden drop in the supply of arterial or venous blood.
infarction
Sudden drop in the supply of arterial or venous blood, often due to an embolus or thrombus.
intermittent claudication
Attacks of limping, particularly in the legs, due to ischemia of the muscles.
intracardiac tumor
A tumor within one of the heart chambers.
ischemia
Localized blood insufficiency caused by an obstruction.
mitral insufficiency or reflux
Backward flow of blood due to a damaged mitral valve.
mitral stenosis
Abnormal narrowing at the opening of the mitral valve.
mitral valve prolapse
Backward flow of blood into the left atrium due to protrusion of one or both mitral cusps into the left atrium during contractions.
murmur
Soft heart humming sound heard between normal beats.
myocardial infarction
Sudden drop in the supply of blood to an area of the heart muscle, usually due to a blockage in a coronary artery.
myocarditis
Inflammation of the myocardium.
necrosis
Death of tissue or an organ or part due to irreversible damage; usually a result of oxygen deprivation.
occlusion
The closing of a blood vessel.
palpitations
Uncomfortable pulsations of the heart felt as a thumping in the chest.
patent ductus arteriosus
A condition at birth in which the ductus arteriosus, a small duct between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, remains abnormally open.
perfusion deficit
Lack of flow through a blood vessel, usually caused by an occlusion.
pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium.
peripheral vascular disease
Vascular disease in the lower extremities, usually due to blockages in the arteries of the groin or legs.
petechiae (sing., petechia)
Minute hemorrhages in the skin.
phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein.
plaque
Buildup of solid material, such as a fatty deposit, on the lining of an artery.
premature atrial contractions (PACs)
Atrial contractions that occur before the normal impulse; can be the cause of palpitations.
premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
Ventricular contractions that occur before the normal impulse; can be the cause of palpitations.
pulmonary artery stenosis
Narrowing of the pulmonary artery, preventing the lungs from receiving enough blood from the heart to oxygenate.
pulmonary edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs.
Raynaud’s phenomenon
After Maurice Raynaud (1834–1881), French physician; Spasm in the arteries of the fingers causing numbness or pain.
rheumatic heart disease
Heart valve and/or muscle damage caused by an untreated streptococcal infection.
risk factor
Any of various factors considered to increase the probability that a disease will occur; for example, high blood pressure and smoking are considered risk factors for heart disease.
rub
Frictional sound heard between heartbeats, usually indicating a pericardial murmur.
secondary hypertension
Hypertension having a known cause, such as kidney disease.
septal defect
Congenital abnormality consisting of an opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles.
stenosis
Narrowing, particularly of blood vessels or of the cardiac valves.
tachycardia
Heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute.
tetralogy of Fallot
After Étienne-Louis A. Fallot (1850–1911), French physician; Set of four congenital heart abnormalities appearing together that cause deoxygenated blood to enter the systemic circulation: ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, incorrect position of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy.
thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein with a thrombus.
thrombosis
Presence of a thrombus in a blood vessel.
thrombotic occlusion
Narrowing caused by a thrombus.
thrombus
Stationary blood clot in the cardiovascular system, usually formed from matter found in the blood.
tricuspid stenosis
Abnormal narrowing of the opening of the tricuspid valve.
valvulitis
Inflammation of a heart valve.
varicose vein
Dilated, enlarged, or twisted vein, usually on the leg.
vegetation
Clot on a heart valve or opening, usually caused by infection.
anastomosis
Surgical connection of two blood vessels to allow blood flow between them.
angioplasty
Opening of a blocked blood vessel, as by balloon dilation.
angioscopy
Viewing of the interior of a blood vessel using a fiberoptic catheter inserted or threaded into the vessel.
arteriotomy
Surgical incision into an artery, especially to remove a clot.
atherectomy
Surgical removal of an atheroma.
balloon catheter dilation
Insertion of a balloon catheter into a blood vessel to open the passage so blood can flow freely.
balloon valvuloplasty
Procedure that uses a balloon catheter to open narrowed orifices in cardiac valves.
bypass
A structure (usually a vein graft) that creates a new passage for blood to flow from one artery to another artery or part of an artery; used to create a detour around blockages in arteries.
cardiopulmonary bypass
Procedure used during surgery to divert blood flow to and from the heart through a heart-lung machine and back into circulation.
embolectomy
Surgical removal of an embolus.
endarterectomy
Surgical removal of the diseased portion of the lining of an artery.
endovascular surgery
Any of various procedures performed during cardiac catheterization, such as angioscopy and atherectomy.
Fontan’s operation
After François Fontan (1929–), French surgeon; Surgical procedure that creates a bypass from the right atrium to the main pulmonary artery; Fontan’s procedure.
graft
Any tissue or organ implanted to replace or mend damaged areas.
heart transplant
Implantation of the heart of a person who has just died into a person whose diseased heart cannot sustain life.
hemorrhoidectomy
Surgical removal of hemorrhoids.
intravascular stent
Stent placed within a blood vessel to allow blood to flow freely.
phlebotomy
Drawing blood from a vein via a small incision.
stent
Surgically implanted device used to hold something (as a blood vessel) open.
thrombectomy
Surgical removal of a thrombus.
valve replacement
Surgical replacement of a coronary valve.
valvotomy
Incision into a cardiac valve to remove an obstruction.
valvuloplasty
ical reconstruction of a cardiac valve.
venipuncture
Small puncture into a vein, usually to draw blood or inject a solution.
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
Medication used for heart failure and other cardiovascular problems; acts by dilating arteries to lower blood pressure and makes heart pump easier.
antianginal
Agent used to relieve or prevent attacks of angina.
antiarrhythmic
Agent used to help normalize cardiac rhythm.
anticoagulant
Agent that prevents the formation of dangerous clots
antihypertensive
Agent that helps control high blood pressure.
beta blocker
Agent that lowers blood pressure by reducing contraction strength of the heart muscle; slows heartbeat.
calcium channel blocker
Medication that lessens the ability of calcium ions to enter heart and blood vessel muscle cells; used to lower blood pressure and normalize some arrhythmias.
cardiotonic
Medication for congestive heart failure; increases the force of contractions of the myocardium.
diuretic
Medication that promotes the excretion of urine.
heparin
Anticoagulant present in the body; also, synthetic version administered to prevent clotting.
lipid-lowering
Helpful in lowering cholesterol levels.
nitrate
Any of several medications that dilate the veins, arteries, or coronary arteries; used to control angina.
statins
A class of lipid-lowering agents that are the most frequently used today.
thrombolytic
Agent that dissolves a thrombus.
tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA, TPA)
Agent that prevents a thrombus from forming.
vasoconstrictor
Agent that narrows the blood vessels.
vasodilator
Agent that dilates or widens the blood vessels.
