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Medical Terminology > Chapter 6 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

pericardium

A

;covers the pericardial cavity which is filled with pericardial fluid, a lubricant for the membranes of the heart.; consists of the visceral pericardium - inner portion (epicardium) and the parietal pericardium (the outer portion).

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2
Q

interatrial septum

A

The part of the septum between the two atria (plural of atrium)

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3
Q

interventricular septum

A

the part between the two ventricles

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4
Q

coronary circulation

A

the circulation of blood within the heart

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5
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

the flow of blood between the heart and lungs

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6
Q

systemic circulation

A

the flow of blood between the heart and the cells of the body.

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7
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped

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8
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each heartbeat

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9
Q

cardiac cycle

A

Each complete heartbeat

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10
Q

aorta

A

Largest artery of the body; vessel through which oxygenated blood exits the heart.

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11
Q

aortic valve

A

Valve between the aorta and the left ventricle.

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12
Q

arteriole

A

A tiny artery connecting to a capillary.

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13
Q

artery

A

A thick-walled blood vessel that, in systemic circulation, carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.

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14
Q

atrioventricular

A

Bundle of fibers in the interventricular septum that transfers charges in the heart’s conduction system; also called bundle of His.

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15
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

Specialized part of the interatrial septum that sends a charge to the bundle of His.

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16
Q

atrioventricular valve

A

One of two valves that control blood flow between the atria and ventricles.

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17
Q

atrium (pl., atria)

A

Either of the two upper chambers of the heart.

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18
Q

bicuspid valve

A

Atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart.

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19
Q

blood

A

Essential fluid made up of plasma and other elements that circulates throughout the body; delivers nutrients to and removes waste from the body’s cells.

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20
Q

blood pressure

A

Measure of the force of blood surging against the walls of the arteries.

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21
Q

blood vessel

A

Any of the tubular passageways in the cardiovascular system through which blood travels.

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22
Q

capillary

A

The smallest blood vessel that forms the exchange point between the arterial and venous vessels.

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23
Q

carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

Waste material transported in the venous blood.

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24
Q

cardiac cycle

A

Repeated contraction and relaxation of the heart as it circulates blood within itself and pumps it out to the rest of the body or the lungs.

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25
Q

hguj

A

hj

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26
Q

cardiovascular

A

Relating to or affecting the heart and blood vessels.

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27
Q

carotid artery

A

Artery that transports oxygenated blood to the head and neck.

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28
Q

conduction system

A

Part of the heart containing specialized tissue that sends electrical charges through heart fibers, causing the heart to contract and relax at regular intervals.

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29
Q

coronary artery

A

Blood vessel that supplies oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

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30
Q

depolarization

A

Contracting state of the myocardial tissue in the heart’s conduction system.

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31
Q

diastole

A

Relaxation phase of a heartbeat.

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32
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

Structure in the fetal circulatory system through which blood flows to bypass the fetus’s nonfunctioning lungs.

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33
Q

ductus venosus

A

Structure in the fetal circulatory system through which blood flows to bypass the fetal liver.

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34
Q

endocardium

A

Membranous lining of the chambers and valves of the heart; the innermost layer of heart tissue.

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35
Q

endothelium

A

Lining of the arteries that secretes substances into the blood.

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36
Q

epicardium

A

Outermost layer of heart tissue.

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37
Q

femoral artery

A

An artery that supplies blood to the thigh.

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38
Q

foramen ovale

A

Opening in the septum of the fetal heart that closes at birth.

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39
Q

heart

A

Muscular organ that receives blood from the veins and sends it into the arteries.

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40
Q

inferior vena cava

A

Large vein that draws blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium.

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41
Q

left atrium

A

Upper left heart chamber.

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42
Q

left ventricle

A

Lower left heart chamber.

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43
Q

myocardium

A

Muscular layer of heart tissue between the epicardium and the endocardium.

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44
Q

pacemaker

A

Term for the sinoatrial (SA) node; also, an artificial device that regulates heart rhythm.

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45
Q

gfdg

A

fdsfds

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46
Q

polarization

A

Resting state of the myocardial tissue in the conduction system of the heart.

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47
Q

polarization

A

Resting state of the myocardial tissue in the conduction system of the heart.

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48
Q

popliteal artery

A

An artery that supplies blood to the cells of the area behind the knee.

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49
Q

pulmonary artery

A

One of two arteries that carry blood that is low in oxygen from the heart to the lungs.

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50
Q

pulmonary valve

A

valve that controls the blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries.

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51
Q

pulmonary vein

A

One of four veins that bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

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52
Q

pulse

A

rhythmic expansion and contraction of a blood vessel, usually an artery.

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53
Q

repolarization

A

Recharging state; transition from contraction to resting that occurs in the conduction system of the heart.

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54
Q

right atrium

A

Upper right chamber of the heart.

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55
Q

right ventricle

A

Lower right chamber of the heart.

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56
Q

saphenous vein

A

Any of a group of veins that transport deoxygenated blood from the legs.

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57
Q

semilunar valve

A

One of the two valves that prevent the backflow of blood flowing out of the heart into the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

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58
Q

septum (pl., septa)

A

Partition between the left and right chambers of the heart.

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59
Q

sinoatrial node

A

Region of the right atrium containing specialized tissue that sends electrical impulses to the heart muscle, causing it to contract.

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60
Q

sinus rhythm

A

Normal heart rhythm.

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61
Q

superior vena cava

A

Large vein that transports blood collected from the upper part of the body to the heart.

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62
Q

systole

A

Contraction phase of the heartbeat.

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63
Q

valve

A

Any of various structures that slow or prevent fluid from flowing backward or forward.

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64
Q

valve

A

Any of various structures that slow or prevent fluid from flowing backward or forward.

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65
Q

vein

A

Any of various blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood toward the heart, except the pulmonary vein.

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66
Q

venule

A

A tiny vein connecting to a capillary.

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67
Q

venule

A

A tiny vein connecting to a capillary.

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68
Q

angi(o)

A

blood vessel

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69
Q

aort(o)

A

aorta

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70
Q

arteri(o), arter(o)

A

artery

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71
Q

ather(o)

A

fatty matter

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72
Q

atri(o)

A

atrium

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73
Q

cardi(o)

A

heart

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74
Q

hemangi(o)

A

blood vessel

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75
Q

pericardi(o)

A

pericardium

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76
Q

phleb(o)

A

vein

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77
Q

sphygm(o)

A

pulse

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78
Q

thromb(o)

A

blood clot

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79
Q

vas(o)

A

blood vessel

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80
Q

ven(o)

A

vein

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81
Q

AcG

A

accelerator globulin

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82
Q

AF

A

atrial fibrillation

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83
Q

AMI

A

acute myocardial infarction

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84
Q

AS

A

aortic stenosis

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85
Q

ASCVD

A

arteriosclerotic cardiovascular

disease

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86
Q

ASD

A

septal defect

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87
Q

ASHD

A

arteriosclerotic heart disease

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88
Q

AV

A

atrioventricular

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89
Q

BP

A

blood pressure bpm beats per minute

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90
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

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91
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

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92
Q

cath

A

catheter

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93
Q

CCU

A

coronary care unit

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94
Q

CHD

A

coronary heart disease

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95
Q

CHF

A

congestive heart failure

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96
Q

CO

A

cardiac output

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97
Q

CPK

A

creatine phosphokinase

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98
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

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99
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident

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100
Q

CVD

A

cardiovascular disease

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101
Q

DIC

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

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102
Q

DSA

A

digital subtraction angiography

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103
Q

DVT

A

deep venous thrombosis

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104
Q

ECG, EKG

A

electrocardiogram

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105
Q

ECHO

A

echocardiogram

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106
Q

ETT

A

exercise tolerance test

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107
Q

GOT

A

glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

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108
Q

HDL

A

high-density lipoprotein

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109
Q

HR

A

heart rate

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110
Q

LDH

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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111
Q

LDL

A

low-density lipoprotein

112
Q

LV

A

left ventricle

113
Q

LVH

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

114
Q

MI

A

mitral insufficiency; myocardial infarction

115
Q

MR

A

mitral regurgitation

116
Q

MS

A

mitral stenosis

117
Q

MUGA

A

multiple-gated acquisition scan

118
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse

119
Q

PAC

A

premature atrial contraction

120
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

121
Q

PVC

A

premature ventricular contraction

122
Q

SA

A

sinoatrial

123
Q

SV

A

stroke volume

124
Q

TC

A

total cholesterol

125
Q

tPA, TPA

A

tissue plasminogen activator

126
Q

VLDL

A

very low-density lipoprotein

127
Q

VSD

A

ventricular septal defect

128
Q

VT

A

ventricular tachycardia

129
Q

angiocardiography

A

Viewing of the heart and its major blood vessels by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium.

130
Q

angiography

A

Viewing of the heart’s major blood vessels by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium.

131
Q

aortography

A

Viewing of the aorta by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium.

132
Q

arteriography

A

Viewing of a specific artery by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium.

133
Q

auscultation

A

Process of listening to body sounds via a stethoscope.

134
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

Process of passing a thin catheter through an artery or vein to the heart to take blood samples, inject a contrast medium, or measure various pressures.

135
Q

cardiac enzyme tests/studies

A

Blood tests for determining levels of enzymes during a myocardial infarction; serum enzyme tests.

136
Q

cardiac MRI

A

Viewing of the heart by magnetic resonance imaging.

137
Q

cardiac scan

A

Process of viewing the heart muscle at work by scanning the heart of a patient into whom a radioactive substance has been injected.

138
Q

cholesterol

A

Fatty substance present in animal fats; cholesterol circulates in the bloodstream, sometimes causing arterial plaque to form.

139
Q

digital subtraction angiography

A

Use of two angiograms done with different dyes to provide a comparison between the results.

140
Q

Doppler ultrasound

A

Christian Doppler (1803–1853), Austrian physicist; Ultrasound test of blood flow in certain blood vessels.

141
Q

echocardiography

A

Use of sound waves to produce images showing the structure and motion of the heart.

142
Q

ejection fraction

A

Percentage of the volume of the contents of the left ventricle ejected with each contraction.

143
Q

electrocardiography

A

Use of the electrocardiograph in diagnosis.

144
Q

Holter monitor

A

After Norman Holter (1914–1983), U.S. biophysicist; Portable device that provides a 24-hour electrocardiogram.

145
Q

lipid profile

A

Laboratory test that provides the levels of lipids, triglycerides, and other substances in the blood.

146
Q

multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) angiography

A

Radioactive scan showing heart function.

147
Q

phlebography

A

Viewing of a vein by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium.

148
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A

Type of nuclear image that measures movement of areas of the heart.

149
Q

serum enzyme tests

A

Laboratory tests performed to detect enzymes present during or after a myocardial infarction; cardiac enzyme studies.

150
Q

sonography

A

Production of images based on the echoes of sound waves against structures.

151
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

Device for measuring blood pressure.

152
Q

stress test

A

Test that measures heart rate, blood pressure, and other body functions while the patient is exercising on a treadmill.

153
Q

triglyceride

A

Fatty substance; lipid.

154
Q

venography

A

Viewing of a vein by x-ray after injection of a contrast medium.

155
Q

ventriculogram

A

X-ray of a ventricle taken after injection of a contrast medium.

156
Q

Buerger’s Disease

A

an inflammation of the peripheral arteries and veins in the arms and legs with clot formations.

157
Q

aneurysm

A

Ballooning of the artery wall caused by weakness in the wall.

158
Q

angina

A

Angina pectoris.

159
Q

angina pectoris

A

Chest pain, usually caused by a lowered oxygen or blood supply to the heart.

160
Q

aortic regurgitation or reflux

A

Backward flow or leakage of blood through a faulty aortic valve.

161
Q

aortic stenosis

A

Narrowing of the aorta.

162
Q

arrhythmia

A

Irregularity in the rhythm of the heartbeat.

163
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries.

164
Q

arteritis

A

Inflammation of an artery or arteries.

165
Q

asystole

A

Cardiac arrest.

166
Q

atheroma

A

A fatty deposit (plaque) in the wall of an artery.

167
Q

atherosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries caused by the buildup of atheromas.

168
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

An irregular, usually rapid, heartbeat caused by overstimulation of the AV node.

169
Q

atrioventricular block

A

Heart block; partial or complete blockage of the electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles.

170
Q

bacterial endocarditis

A

Bacterial inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.

171
Q

bradycardia

A

Heart rate of fewer than 60 beats per minute.

172
Q

bruit

A

Sound or murmur, especially an abnormal heart sound heard on auscultation, especially of the carotid artery.

173
Q

cardiac arrest

A

Sudden stopping of the heart; also called asystole.

174
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

Compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac.

175
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

Disease of the heart muscle.

176
Q

claudication

A

Limping caused by inadequate blood supply during activity; usually subsides during rest.

177
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

Abnormal narrowing of the aorta.

178
Q

congenital heart disease

A

Heart disease (usually a type of malformation) that exists at birth.

179
Q

congestive heart failure

A

Inability of the heart to pump enough blood out during the cardiac cycle; collection of fluid in the lungs results.

180
Q

constriction

A

Compression or narrowing caused by contraction, as of a vessel.

181
Q

coronary artery disease

A

Condition that reduces the flow of blood and nutrients through the arteries of the heart.

182
Q

cyanosis

A

Bluish or purplish coloration, as of the skin, caused by inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

183
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

Formation of a thrombus (clot) in a deep vein, such as a femoral vein.

184
Q

dysrhythmia

A

Abnormal heart rhythm.

185
Q

embolus

A

Mass of foreign material blocking a vessel.

186
Q

endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the endocardium, especially an inflammation caused by a bacterial (for example, staphylococci) or fungal agent.

187
Q

essential hypertension

A

High blood pressure without any known cause.

188
Q

fibrillation

A

Random, chaotic, irregular heart rhythm.

189
Q

flutter

A

Regular but very rapid heartbeat.

190
Q

gallop

A

Triple sound of a heartbeat, usually indicative of serious heart disease.

191
Q

hemorrhoids

A

Varicose condition of veins in the anal region.

192
Q

hypertension

A

Chronic condition with blood pressure greater than 140/90.

193
Q

hypertensive heart disease

A

Heart disease caused, or worsened, by high blood pressure.

194
Q

hypotension

A

Chronic condition with blood pressure below normal.

195
Q

infarct

A

Area of necrosis caused by a sudden drop in the supply of arterial or venous blood.

196
Q

infarction

A

Sudden drop in the supply of arterial or venous blood, often due to an embolus or thrombus.

197
Q

intermittent claudication

A

Attacks of limping, particularly in the legs, due to ischemia of the muscles.

198
Q

intracardiac tumor

A

A tumor within one of the heart chambers.

199
Q

ischemia

A

Localized blood insufficiency caused by an obstruction.

200
Q

mitral insufficiency or reflux

A

Backward flow of blood due to a damaged mitral valve.

201
Q

mitral stenosis

A

Abnormal narrowing at the opening of the mitral valve.

202
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

Backward flow of blood into the left atrium due to protrusion of one or both mitral cusps into the left atrium during contractions.

203
Q

murmur

A

Soft heart humming sound heard between normal beats.

204
Q

myocardial infarction

A

Sudden drop in the supply of blood to an area of the heart muscle, usually due to a blockage in a coronary artery.

205
Q

myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the myocardium.

206
Q

necrosis

A

Death of tissue or an organ or part due to irreversible damage; usually a result of oxygen deprivation.

207
Q

occlusion

A

The closing of a blood vessel.

208
Q

palpitations

A

Uncomfortable pulsations of the heart felt as a thumping in the chest.

209
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

A condition at birth in which the ductus arteriosus, a small duct between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, remains abnormally open.

210
Q

perfusion deficit

A

Lack of flow through a blood vessel, usually caused by an occlusion.

211
Q

pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium.

212
Q

peripheral vascular disease

A

Vascular disease in the lower extremities, usually due to blockages in the arteries of the groin or legs.

213
Q

petechiae (sing., petechia)

A

Minute hemorrhages in the skin.

214
Q

phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein.

215
Q

plaque

A

Buildup of solid material, such as a fatty deposit, on the lining of an artery.

216
Q

premature atrial contractions (PACs)

A

Atrial contractions that occur before the normal impulse; can be the cause of palpitations.

217
Q

premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

A

Ventricular contractions that occur before the normal impulse; can be the cause of palpitations.

218
Q

pulmonary artery stenosis

A

Narrowing of the pulmonary artery, preventing the lungs from receiving enough blood from the heart to oxygenate.

219
Q

pulmonary edema

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs.

220
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon

A

After Maurice Raynaud (1834–1881), French physician; Spasm in the arteries of the fingers causing numbness or pain.

221
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

Heart valve and/or muscle damage caused by an untreated streptococcal infection.

222
Q

risk factor

A

Any of various factors considered to increase the probability that a disease will occur; for example, high blood pressure and smoking are considered risk factors for heart disease.

223
Q

rub

A

Frictional sound heard between heartbeats, usually indicating a pericardial murmur.

224
Q

secondary hypertension

A

Hypertension having a known cause, such as kidney disease.

225
Q

septal defect

A

Congenital abnormality consisting of an opening in the septum between the atria or ventricles.

226
Q

stenosis

A

Narrowing, particularly of blood vessels or of the cardiac valves.

227
Q

tachycardia

A

Heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute.

228
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

After Étienne-Louis A. Fallot (1850–1911), French physician; Set of four congenital heart abnormalities appearing together that cause deoxygenated blood to enter the systemic circulation: ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, incorrect position of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy.

229
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein with a thrombus.

230
Q

thrombosis

A

Presence of a thrombus in a blood vessel.

231
Q

thrombotic occlusion

A

Narrowing caused by a thrombus.

232
Q

thrombus

A

Stationary blood clot in the cardiovascular system, usually formed from matter found in the blood.

233
Q

tricuspid stenosis

A

Abnormal narrowing of the opening of the tricuspid valve.

234
Q

valvulitis

A

Inflammation of a heart valve.

235
Q

varicose vein

A

Dilated, enlarged, or twisted vein, usually on the leg.

236
Q

vegetation

A

Clot on a heart valve or opening, usually caused by infection.

237
Q

anastomosis

A

Surgical connection of two blood vessels to allow blood flow between them.

238
Q

angioplasty

A

Opening of a blocked blood vessel, as by balloon dilation.

239
Q

angioscopy

A

Viewing of the interior of a blood vessel using a fiberoptic catheter inserted or threaded into the vessel.

240
Q

arteriotomy

A

Surgical incision into an artery, especially to remove a clot.

241
Q

atherectomy

A

Surgical removal of an atheroma.

242
Q

balloon catheter dilation

A

Insertion of a balloon catheter into a blood vessel to open the passage so blood can flow freely.

243
Q

balloon valvuloplasty

A

Procedure that uses a balloon catheter to open narrowed orifices in cardiac valves.

244
Q

bypass

A

A structure (usually a vein graft) that creates a new passage for blood to flow from one artery to another artery or part of an artery; used to create a detour around blockages in arteries.

245
Q

cardiopulmonary bypass

A

Procedure used during surgery to divert blood flow to and from the heart through a heart-lung machine and back into circulation.

246
Q

embolectomy

A

Surgical removal of an embolus.

247
Q

endarterectomy

A

Surgical removal of the diseased portion of the lining of an artery.

248
Q

endovascular surgery

A

Any of various procedures performed during cardiac catheterization, such as angioscopy and atherectomy.

249
Q

Fontan’s operation

A

After François Fontan (1929–), French surgeon; Surgical procedure that creates a bypass from the right atrium to the main pulmonary artery; Fontan’s procedure.

250
Q

graft

A

Any tissue or organ implanted to replace or mend damaged areas.

251
Q

heart transplant

A

Implantation of the heart of a person who has just died into a person whose diseased heart cannot sustain life.

252
Q

hemorrhoidectomy

A

Surgical removal of hemorrhoids.

253
Q

intravascular stent

A

Stent placed within a blood vessel to allow blood to flow freely.

254
Q

phlebotomy

A

Drawing blood from a vein via a small incision.

255
Q

stent

A

Surgically implanted device used to hold something (as a blood vessel) open.

256
Q

thrombectomy

A

Surgical removal of a thrombus.

257
Q

valve replacement

A

Surgical replacement of a coronary valve.

258
Q

valvotomy

A

Incision into a cardiac valve to remove an obstruction.

259
Q

valvuloplasty

A

ical reconstruction of a cardiac valve.

260
Q

venipuncture

A

Small puncture into a vein, usually to draw blood or inject a solution.

261
Q

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

A

Medication used for heart failure and other cardiovascular problems; acts by dilating arteries to lower blood pressure and makes heart pump easier.

262
Q

antianginal

A

Agent used to relieve or prevent attacks of angina.

263
Q

antiarrhythmic

A

Agent used to help normalize cardiac rhythm.

264
Q

anticoagulant

A

Agent that prevents the formation of dangerous clots

265
Q

antihypertensive

A

Agent that helps control high blood pressure.

266
Q

beta blocker

A

Agent that lowers blood pressure by reducing contraction strength of the heart muscle; slows heartbeat.

267
Q

calcium channel blocker

A

Medication that lessens the ability of calcium ions to enter heart and blood vessel muscle cells; used to lower blood pressure and normalize some arrhythmias.

268
Q

cardiotonic

A

Medication for congestive heart failure; increases the force of contractions of the myocardium.

269
Q

diuretic

A

Medication that promotes the excretion of urine.

270
Q

heparin

A

Anticoagulant present in the body; also, synthetic version administered to prevent clotting.

271
Q

lipid-lowering

A

Helpful in lowering cholesterol levels.

272
Q

nitrate

A

Any of several medications that dilate the veins, arteries, or coronary arteries; used to control angina.

273
Q

statins

A

A class of lipid-lowering agents that are the most frequently used today.

274
Q

thrombolytic

A

Agent that dissolves a thrombus.

275
Q

tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA, TPA)

A

Agent that prevents a thrombus from forming.

276
Q

vasoconstrictor

A

Agent that narrows the blood vessels.

277
Q

vasodilator

A

Agent that dilates or widens the blood vessels.

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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