Chapter 4 - Integumentary System Flashcards
integumentary system
includes the skin or integument, the hair, the
nails, the sweat glands (also called the sudoriferous glands), and the oil-producing glands (also called the sebaceous glands); covers and protects the body, helps regulate the body’s temperature, excretes some of the body’s waste materials, and includes the body’s sensors for pain and sensation.
epidermis
outer layer of skin; made up of cells called squamous epithelium; nonvascular layer of skin, meaning that it does not contain blood vessels.
strata
sublayers
squamous epithelium
flat, scaly layer of cells in epidermis
stratified squamous epithelium
layers that make up the squamous epithelium
stratum corneum
top sublayer of the epidermis; flat layer of dead cells arranged in parallel rows. As new cell s are produced, the dead cells are sloughed off. As they die, the cells in the stratum corneum fill with keratin.
keratin
waterproof barrier to keep microorganisms out and moisture in; keratin of the epidermis is softer than the hard keratin in nails; Hard, horny protein that forms nails and hair.
stratum germinativum
bottom sublayer of the epidermis; here new cells are produced and pushed up to the stratum corneum.
melanocytes
Specialized cells in the epidermis that produce a pigment called melanin, which helps to determine skin and hair color. Melanin is essential in screening out ultraviolet rays of the sun that can harm the body’s cells.
dermis (also called the corium)
contains two sublayers (the papillary layer and the reticular layer); contains connective tissue that holds many capillaries, lymph cells, nerve endings, sebaceous and sweat glands, and hair follicles which nourish the dermis and serve as sensitive touch receptors
papillary layer
thin top layer of dermis containing small papillae (nipple-like masses)
reticular layer
thicker layer of dermis containing reticula (network of structures with connective tissue between)
collagen
The dermis connective tissue is composed primarily of collagen fibers that form a strong, elastic network. Collagen is a protein substance that is very tough, yet flexible.
striae
When the collagen fibers stretch, they form striae or stretch marks.
subcutaneous layer
between the dermis and the body’s inner organs; consists of adipose (or fatty) tissue and some layers of fibrous tissue, blood vessels and nerves. The layer of fatty tissue serves to protect the inner organs and to maintain the body’s temperature.
hair shaft
protrudes from the skin; composed of outer layers of scaly cells filled with inner layers of soft and hard keratin.
hair root
lies beneath the surface of the skin
follicles
tubular sacs that hold the hair fibers; shape of follicle determines shape of hair
epilation or depilation
general term for removal of hair by the roots
lunula
whitish half-moon at the base of most nails where keratin and other cells have mixed with air
exocrine glands
Glands that secrete outward toward the surface of the body through ducts
diaphoresis
The excretion of sweat
eccrine glands
excrete a colorless fluid that keeps the body at a constant
temperature
apocrine glands
appear during and after puberty and secrete sweat from the armpits, near the reproductive organs, and around the nipples; female breast, which contains mammary glands, is itself a specialized type of apocrine gland that is adapted to secreting milk after childbirth
ceruminous glands
specialized glands in the surface of the ear that secretes cerumen, a waxy substance that lubricates and protects the ear.
sebaceous glands
located in the dermis and secrete an oily substance called sebum, which is found at the base of the hair follicles, and serves to lubricate and protect the skin. Sebum forms a skin barrier against bacteria and fungi and also softens the surface of the skin.
adipose
fatty; relating to fat.
alopecia
Lack of hair in spots; baldness.
hypodermis
Subcutaneous skin layer; layer below the dermis.
integument
Skin and all the elements that are contained within and arise from it.
adip(o)
fatty
dermat(o), derm(o)
skin
hidr(o)
sweat, sweat glands
ichthy(o)
fish, scaly
kerat(o)
horny tissue
lip(o)
fatty
melan(o)
black, very dark
myc(o)
fungus
onych(o)
nail
pil(o)
hair
seb(o)
sebum, sebaceous glands
steat(o)
fat
trich(o)
hair
xanth(o)
yellow
xer(o)
dry
bx
biopsy
DLE
discoid lupus erythematosus
MRSA
A form of staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to a common group of antibiotics that include methicillin, penicillin, and amoxicillin.
PPD
purified protein derivative (of tuberculin)
PUVA
psoralen—ultraviolet A light therapy (used in the treatment of some disorders such as psoriasis)
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
VRE
A form of enterococcus that is resistant to most antibiotics
exudate
Any fluid excreted out of tissue, especially fluid excreted out of an injury to the skin.
intradermal
Test that injects antigen or protein between layers of skin.
Mantoux test
Test for tuberculosis in which a small dose of tuberculin is injected intradermally with a syringe.
patch test
Test for allergic sensitivity in which a small dose of antigen is applied to the skin on a small piece of gauze.
Schick test
Test for diphtheria.
scratch test
Test for allergic sensitivity in which a small amount of antigen is scratched onto the surface of the skin.
tine test (TB tine)
Screening test for tuberculosis in which a small dose of tuberculin is injected into a series of sites within a small space with a tine (instrument that punctures the surface of the skin).
abscess
Localized collection of pus and other exudate, usually
accompanied by swelling and redness.
acne, acne vulgaris
Inflammatory eruption of the skin, occurring in or near sebaceous glands on the face, neck, shoulder, or upper back.
actinic keratosis
Overgrowth of horny skin that forms from over-exposure to sunlight; sunburn.
albinism
Rare, congenital condition causing either partial or total lack of pigmentation.
alopecia areata
Loss of hair in patches.
basal cell carcinoma
Slow-growing cancer of the basal cells of the epidermis,
usually a result of sun damage.
nevus
birthmark; lesion (especially a hemangioma) visible at or soon after birth
bulla
Bubble-like blister on the surface of the skin.
burn
Damage to the skin caused by exposure to heat, chemicals, electricity, radiation, or other skin irritants.
callus
Mass of hard skin that forms as a cover over broken skin on certain areas of the body, especially the feet and hands.
candidiasis
Yeastlike fungus on the skin, caused by Candida; characterized by pruritus, white exudate, peeling, and easy bleeding; examples are thrush and diaper rash.
carbuncle
Infected area of the skin producing pus and usually accompanied by fever.
cellulitis
Severe inflammation of the dermis and subcutaneous portions of the skin, usually caused by an infection that enters the skin through an opening, as a wound; characterized by local heat, redness, pain, and swelling.
cherry angioma
A dome-shaped vascular angioma lesion that usually occurs in the elderly.
chloasma
Group of fairly large, pigmented facial patches, often associated with pregnancy.
cicatrix
Growth of fibrous tissue inside a wound that forms a scar; also, general term for scar.
cold sore
Eruption around the mouth or lips; herpes simplex virus Type 1.
comedo
Open hair follicle filled with bacteria and sebum; common in acne; blackhead.
corn
Growth of hard skin, usually on the toes.
crust
Hard layer, especially one formed by dried pus, as in a scab.
cyst
Abnormal sac containing fluid.
decubitus
Chronic ulcer on skin over bony parts that are under constant pressure; pressure sore.
depigmentation
Loss of color of the skin.
dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin.
discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)
Mild form of lupus.
ecchymosis
Purplish skin patch (bruise) caused by broken blood vessels beneath the surface.
eczema
Severe inflammatory condition of the skin, usually of unknown cause.
erosion
Wearing away of the surface of the skin, especially when caused by friction.
exanthematous
Viral disease that causes a rash on the skin.
excoriation
Injury to the surface of the skin caused by a scratch, abrasion, or burn, usually accompanied by some oozing.
fever blister
Eruption around the mouth or lips; herpes simplex virus Type 1.
first-degree burn
Least severe burn, causes injury to the surface of the skin without blistering.
fissure
Deep slit in the skin.
furuncle
Localized skin infection, usually in a hair follicle and containing pus; boil.
gangrene
Death of an area of skin, usually caused by loss of blood supply to the area.
herpes
An inflammatory skin disease caused by viruses of the family Herpesviridae.
herpes simplex virus Type 1
Herpes that recurs on the lips and around the area of the mouth, usually during viral illnesses or states of stress.
herpes simplex virus Type 2
herpes that recurs on the genitalia; can be easily transmitted from one person to another through sexual contact.
herpes zoster
Painful herpes that affects nerve roots; shingles.
impetigo
A type of pyoderma.
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Moritz Kaposi (1837–1902), Hungarian dermatologist. Skin cancer associated with AIDS.
keloid
Thick scarring of the skin that forms after an injury or surgery.
keratosis
Lesion on the epidermis containing keratin.
lesion
Wound, damage, or injury to the skin.
leukoderma
Absence of pigment in the skin or in an area of the skin.
leukoplakia
White patch of mucous membrane on the tongue or cheek.
macule
Small, flat, noticeably colored spot on the skin.
malignant melanoma
Virulent skin cancer originating in the melanocytes, usually caused by overexposure to the sun.
neoplasm
Abnormal tissue growth.
nodule
Small knob of tissue.
onychia, onychitis
Inflammation of the nail.
onychopathy
Disease of the nail.
papule
Small, solid elevation on the skin.
paronychia
Inflammation, with pus, of the fold surrounding the nail plate.
patch
Small area of skin differing in color from the surrounding area; plaque.
pediculated
Polyp that projects upward from a slender stalk.
pediculosis
Lice infestation.
pemphigus
Autoimmune disease that causes skin blistering.
petechia (pl., petechiae)
A tiny hemorrhage beneath the surface of the skin.
pilonidal cyst
Cyst containing hair, usually found at the lower end
of the spinal column.
plantar wart
Wart on the sole of the foot.
polyp
Bulging mass of tissue that projects outward from the skin surface.
pruritus
itching.
psoriasis
Chronic skin condition accompanied by scaly lesions with extreme pruritus.
purpura
Skin condition with extensive hemorrhages underneath the skin covering a wide area.
pustule
Small elevation on the skin containing pus.
pyoderma
Any inflammation of the skin that produces pus.
ringworm
fungal infection; tinea.
rosacea
Vascular disease that causes blotchy, red patches on the skin, particularly on the nose and cheeks.
roseola
Skin eruption of small, rosy patches, usually caused by a virus.
rubella
Disease that causes a viral skin rash; German measles.
rubeola
Disease that causes a viral skin rash; measles.
scabies
Skin eruption caused by a mite burrowing into the skin.
scale
Small plate of hard skin that falls off.
scleroderma
Thickening of the skin caused by an increase in collagen formation.
sebaceous cyst
Cyst containing yellow sebum.
seborrhea
Overproduction of sebum by the sebaceous glands.
second-degree burn
Moderately severe burn that affects the epidermis and dermis; usually involves blistering.
sessile polyp
Polyp that projects upward from a broad base.
shingles
Viral disease affecting peripheral nerves and caused by herpes zoster.
squamous cell carcinoma
Cancer of the squamous epithelium.
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Most severe form of lupus, involving internal organs.
telangiectasia
A permanent dilation of the small blood vessels.
third-degree burn
Most severe type of burn; involves complete destruction of an area of skin.
tinea
Fungal infection; ringworm.
tumor
Any mass of tissue; swelling.
ulcer
Open lesion, usually with superficial loss of tissue.
urticaria
Group of reddish wheals, usually accompanied by pruritus and often caused by an allergy.
varicella
Contagious skin disease, usually occurring during childhood, and often accompanied by the formation of pustules; chicken pox.
vascular lesion
Lesion in a blood vessel that shows through the skin.
verruca (pl., verrucae)
Flesh-colored growth, sometimes caused by a virus; wart.
vesicle
small, raised sac on the skin containing fluid.
vitiligo
Condition in which white patches appear on otherwise normally pigmented skin.
wheal
Itchy patch of raised skin.
whitehead
Closed comedo that does not contain the dark bacteria present in blackheads.
autograft
Skin graft using skin from one’s own body.
biopsy
Excision of tissue for microscopic examination.
cauterize
To apply heat to an area to cause coagulation and stop bleeding.
debridement
Removal of dead tissue from a wound.
dermabrasion
Removal of wrinkles, scars, tattoos, and other marks by scraping with brushes or emery papers.
electrodesiccation
Drying with electrical current.
fulguration
Destruction of tissue using electric sparks.
heterograft; xenograft
Skin graft using donor skin from one species to another
homograft; allograft
Skin graft using donor skin from one person to another
Mohs’ surgery
Frederic Edward Mohs (1910–1979), U.S. surgeon.; Removal of thin layers of malignant tissue until nonmalignant tissue is found.
plastic surgery
Repair or reconstruction (as of the skin) by means of surgery.
skin graft
Placement of fresh skin over a damaged area.
alpha-hydroxy acid
agent added to cosmetics to improve the skin’s appearance.
anesthetic
Agent that relieves pain by blocking nerve sensations.
antibacterial
Agent that kills or slows the growth of bacteria.
antibiotic
Agent that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms.
antifungal
Agent that kills or slows the growth of fungi.
antihistamine
Agent that controls allergic reactions by blocking the effectiveness of histamines in the body.
anti-inflammatory
Agent that relieves the symptoms of inflammations.
antipruritic
Agent that controls itching.
antiseptic
Agent that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms.
astringent
Agent that removes excess oils and impurities from the surface of skin.
chemotherapy
Treatment of cancer that uses chemicals to destroy malignant cells.
corticosteroid
Agent with anti-inflammatory properties.
emollient
Agent that smooths or softens skin.
keratolytic
agent that aids in the removal of warts and corns.
parasiticide
Agent that kills or slows the growth of parasites.
radiation therapy
Treatment of cancer that uses ionizing radiation to destroy malignant cells.
topical anesthetic
Anesthetic applied to the surface of the skin.
ultraviolet light
Artificial sunlight used to treat some skin lesions.
