Chapter 9: Thinking and Language Flashcards
Cognition
Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Prototypes
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
Algorithm
A methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
Heuristic
A simple thinking strategy t hat often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier
Insight
A sudden realization of a problem’s solution
Confirmation Bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Mental Set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way often a way that has been successful in the past
Availability Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come to mind/// we presume such events are common
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
Belief Perseverence
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the bias on which they were formed has been discredited
Framing
The way an issue is posed; how a decision is framed and how it affects decisions and judgments
Language
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Phoneme
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Morpheme
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word
Grammar
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, grammar is the rules for deriving meaning from sounds
