Chapter 8: Memory Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Memory

A

The persistence of learning over time through storage retrieval of information

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2
Q

Recall

A

A measure of memory in which a person must retrieve information learned earlier as on a fill-in-the-blank test

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3
Q

Recognition

A

A measure of memory in which a person need only identify items previously learned, such as a multiple-choice test

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4
Q

Relearning

A

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

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5
Q

Encoding

A

Processing of information into the memory system

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6
Q

Storage

A

Retention of encoded information over time

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7
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of getting information out of memory storage

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8
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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9
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly … before the information is stored or forgotten

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10
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

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11
Q

Working Memory

A

A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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12
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious thought

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13
Q

Effortful Processing

A

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously now and declare (declarative memory)

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14
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, frequency, and of well-learned information

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15
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Retention independent of conscious recollection (non-declarative memory)

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16
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli or picture-image memory lasting no longer than a few tenths of a second

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17
Q

Ecohic Memory

A

Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can be recalled in 3-4 seconds

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18
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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19
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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20
Q

Spacing Effect

A

Phenomenon whereby animals more easily remembering learning when they are studied a few times spaced over a long time span

21
Q

Hippocampus

A

Neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

22
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

23
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

An increase in cell’s potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

24
Q

Priming

A

Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

25
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Disruption effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

26
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

Disruption effect of new learning on the recall of old information

27
Q

Repression

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-inducing thoughts, feelings, and memories

28
Q

Source Amnesia

A

Attributing the wrong source to an event we have experienced etc. Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, may impact false memories

29
Q

Deja Vu

A

Eerie sense that I’ve experienced this before (from current understanding, it is most likely a subconscious trigger that causes the retrieval of earlier experiences

30
Q

Mood-Congruent Memory

A

Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

31
Q

Three-Stage Memory Model

A

See page 301

32
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality

33
Q

Rehearsal

A

Cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over as a possible way of learning and remembering it

34
Q

Overlearning

A

Theory that practicing newly acquired skills will lead to the initial mastery of the skill

35
Q

Next-in-Line Effect

A

People not remembering what other people said because they were too busy with rehearsing their own part

36
Q

Serial-Position Effect

A

Tendency of a person to recall 1st and last items in a series best, and the middle worst

37
Q

Visual Encoding

A

Another name for iconic memory, remembering things that you’ve seen

38
Q

Acoustic Encoding

A

Another name for ecohic memory, it is the memory of things you have heard

39
Q

Semantic Encoding

A

Processing and encoding of sensory input that has particular meaning or can be applied to a concept

40
Q

Self Reference Effect

A

A tendency for people to encode information differently depending on the level on which the self is implicated in the information

41
Q

Imagery

A

Pictures in the mind or a visual representation in the absence of environment input

42
Q

Hierarchies

A

Broad concepts divided, then subdivided, until it is down to a narrow fact/ide

43
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory (can be parts or ability to remember itself)

44
Q

Three Sins of Forgetting

A
  1. Absent Mindedness 2. Trans-science (use it or lose it) 3. Blocking (it was on the tip of my tongue
45
Q

Three Sins of Distortion

A
  1. Mis-attribution 2. Suggestibility 3. Bias
46
Q

Forgetting

A

Losing an already encoded memory or altering it so it is not the original memory

47
Q

Storage Decay

A

Edward Thorndike- use it or lose it, applied to memory

48
Q

Misinformation Efect

A

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

49
Q

Rosy Retrospection

A

Past events are viewed as good despite being mundane at the time