Chapter 4: Nature vs. Nurture

Question 1

Environment

Answer 1

Every non genetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

Question 2

Chromosomes

Answer 2

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Question 3

DNA

Answer 3

Deoxyribonucleic acid- a complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up the chromosomes

Question 4

Genes

Answer 4

Biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes: a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein

Question 5

Human Genome

Answer 5

Complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all the genetic material in that organisms chromosomes

Question 6

Identical Twins

Answer 6

Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two creating 2 genetically identical organisms

Question 7

Fraternal Twins

Answer 7

Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment

Question 8

Temperment

Answer 8

A person’’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Question 9

Molecular Genetics

Answer 9

The sub field of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

Question 10

Heritability

Answer 10

Proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary depending on the range of population and environments studied

Question 11

Epigenetics

Answer 11

Study of influences on gene expression that occur with out a DNA change

Question 12

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 12

Study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

Question 13

Natural Selection

Answer 13

Principle that among a range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased survival and reproduction will most likely be passed on the succeeding generations

Question 14

Mutations

Answer 14

A random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Question 15

Gender

Answer 15

Biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

Question 16

Culture

Answer 16

Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, traditions, shared by a group… transmitted from one generation to the next

Question 17

Norms

Answer 17

An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe ‘proper’ behavior

Question 18

Individualism

Answer 18

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Question 19

Collectivism

Answer 19

Giving priority to the goals of on’es group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity according

Question 20

Aggression

Answer 20

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

Question 21

X Chromosome

Answer 21

Sex chromosome found in both men and women

Question 22

Y Chromosome

Answer 22

Sex chromosome found only in males

Question 23

Testosterone

Answer 23

Most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it but the additional testosterone in males stimulates growth

Question 24

Role

Answer 24

Expectations about a social position

Question 25

Gender Role

Answer 25

A set of expected behaviors for males or females

Question 26

Social Learning Theory

Answer 26

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Question 27

Gender Identity

Answer 27

Our sense of being male or female

Question 28

Gender Typing

Answer 28

Acquisition of a traditionally masculine or feminine role

Question 29

Transgender

Answer 29

Umbrella term describing people whose gender identity differs from their birth sex

Question 30

Behavior Geneticists

Answer 30

Study of relative power/limits of genetic and environment influences on behavior

Question 31

Heredity

Answer 31

Genes passed down through generations

Question 32

Nucleus

Answer 32

Where DNA is stored: The powerhouse of the cell

Question 33

Gene Sequence

Answer 33

DNA sequence/determines the order of DNA to create proteins and thus traits

Question 34

Jim Twins

Answer 34

Identical twins who, while raised separately, were extremely similar- same names and personality

Question 35

Dizygotic

Answer 35

Two separate eggs get fertilized

Question 36

Monozygotic

Answer 36

One egg that splits in two- genetic copy

Question 37

Adoption

Answer 37

Process of a child being raised by non-biological partents

Question 38

Genetic Relatives

Answer 38

People whom one is biologically related to (parents and siblings)

Question 39

Environmental Relatives

Answer 39

People whom one is raised by but not biologically related to

Question 40

Birth ORder

Answer 40

How one’s order in birth influences their personality and behaviors/treatment

Question 41

Mark Twain’s Barrel Study

Answer 41

2 kids kept in a barrel and fed through a hole for 18 years- taken out and given an IQ test- if one is super smart then it proves that genes=intelligence (Shows heritability)

Question 42

Sex

Answer 42

Gender determined by genetalia

Question 43

Mating preferences

Answer 43

Traits different genders prefer in a mate (Men= young, fertile/ women= supportive, successful, good genes)

Question 44

Male Answer Syndrome

Answer 44

Male tendency to answer wrongly/make something up rather than say they don’t know

Question 45

Nature via Nurture

Answer 45

How our experiences add onto our genes in order to form us as people

Question 46

Sex Hormones

Answer 46

Hormones that stimulate growth of reproductive system, and are released during sex

Question 47

Estrogen

Answer 47

Main female sex hormone

Question 48

Gender Identity Disorder

Answer 48

When a person does not associate themselves as the gender they were assigned at birth