Chapter 5: Development Through The Lifespan Flashcards
Moral Dilemma
A conflict in which you have to choose between two or more actions and have moral reasons for choosing each action
Moral Intuition
Ethical intuition is our awareness of value and knowledge of evaluative facts, that form the foundation of ethical knowledge
Preconvential Morality
An acceptance of society’s convention concerning right and wrong, at this level an individual will obey the rules even when there is no consequence, and to gain rewards
Conventional Morality
An acceptance of society’s conventions concerning right and wrong, at this level a person will uphold laws and rules to gain social approval and maintain social order
Post Conventional Morality
Based on abstract reasoning, and actions that reflect belief in basic rights and self defined ethical principles
Teleological Theories
Leave out the dimension of the moral judgement of an action
Deontological Theories
Making decisions that deny that consequences are of any concern
Psychosocial Task
The crisis in each stage of life that needs resolution
Search for Identity
The quest to find one’s self during adolescence
Identity
The sense of who you are as a person
Social Identity
Who you are when you are with different groups of people
Competence
The ability to do a task successfully
Inferiority
The condition of being lower in status or quality than someone else
Isolation
To remain apart from others
Adolescence
The years spent morphing from child to adult, starting with physical beginnings of sexual maturity and ends with the social achievement of independent adult status
Puberty
The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing (Around 11 for girls, 13 for boys)
Primary Sex Characteristics
The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Non-reproductive sexual characteristics (breasts, hips, voice tone, body hair)
Menarche
The first menstrual period
Morality
Discerning right from wrong
Moral Action
Doing, feeling, thinking, and feeling the right thing
Social Identity
The ‘we’ aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to ‘who am I’ that comes from group membership
Intimay
In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary development task in late adolescence and early adulthood
Emerging Adulthood
For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood
Sensorimotor Stage
In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Object Permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved
Egocentrism
In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
Preoperational Stage
In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operation of concrete logic
Conservation
The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Theory of the Mind
People’s ideas about their own and other’s mental sates- about their feelings, perceptions, thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
Concrete Operational Stage
In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Formal Operational Stage
In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Autism
A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind
Cognitive Development
Among the areas of cognitive development are information processing, intelligence, reasoning, language development, and memory. Cognitive development is the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision-making, from childhood through adolescence to adulthood
Developmental Psychology
The study of psychology that involves studying physical, cognitive, and social change over time
Zygote
The fertilized egg. First stage in pregnancy
Embryo
The stage that takes place between two weeks and two months after fertilization. This slightly resembles a human
Fetus
This stage looks like a formed human. The baby is in this stage from nine weeks after conception until birth
Placenta
Life-link that transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to embryo. Made up of the outer cells
Teratogens
Chemicals and viruses that reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking
Habituation
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
Epigenetic Effect
Leaves chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off
Early Adulthood
Stage of adulthood from age 20’s to 30’s when people are at a peak in learning and memory
Middle Adulthood
Stage of adulthood from early adulthood to age 65 when people begin to feel the decline physically and cognitively
Late Adulthood
Stage of adulthood from age 65 onward where people start feeling the effects of death and care more about raising the next generation
Menopause
When the menstrual cycles of women end around age 50
Telomeres
Tips of chromosomes that wear down over time
Death-deferral Phenomenon
More people die right after reaching a major milestone such as Christmas or a birthday
Dementia
A series of strokes, a brain tumor, or alcohol dependence causing the brain to erode emotionally
Alzheimer’s Disease
A disease that first causes memory to deteriorate at first and then later reasoning
Prospective Memory
Memory used to remember things in the future
Longitudinal Study
Studies done where the same people are tested and retested over a long period of time
Cross-sectional Study
A study that compares people of different ages
Terminal Decline
the decline in cognition in people in the last few years of their life
Mdilife Transition
The transition of people into middle adulthood when they realize that their life is mostly behind them instead of ahead of them
Social Clock
The varying ‘right time’ to do things such as leave home ,marry, or retire in different eras and cultures
Sandwich Generation
The generation of people who have to simultaneously support children/grandchildren and aging parents
Chance Events
Events such as romantic attraction that happen by chance and change your life
Monogamous Pairing
when parents stay together and raise their children together
Generativity
The concern of people to guide and raise the next generation developed in middle adulthood
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Reed Larson
Performed a study that compared the emotional levels of different generations and found that older people have moods that are less extreme and more enduring than teenagers who get over mood such as gloom in less than an hour
Bereavement Therapy
Also known as grief therapy, given to people dealing with loss
Sense of Integrity
The feeling that one’s life has been meaningful and worthwhile
