Chapter 1: Psychological Tendencies/Procedures Flashcards
Hindsight bias
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
Critical Thinking
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
Theory
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Operational Definition
A statement of procedures used to define research variables
Replication
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether that finding extends to others
Case Study
Observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles
Naturalistic Observations
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Survey
A technique for asserting the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group b questioning a representative random sample
Population
All cases in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn
Random Sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Correlation
Measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together and how well either factor predicts the other
Correlation Coefficent
Statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)
Scatterplot
Graphical cluster of dots each of which represents the values of 2 variables. The shape of the points suggests the direction between 2 variables. Amount of scatter suggests the strength of correlation (little=more)
Experiment
Research in which an investigator manipulates 1 or more factors to observe the effects on some behavior and mental processes…using random assignment…control other relevant factors
Experimental Group
In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the test treatment, that is to one version of the independent variable
Control Group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group. Comparison for evaluating effect of treatment
Random Assignment
Assigning participant to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the assigned to different groups