Chapter 1: Psychological Tendencies/Procedures Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Theory

A

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Operational Definition

A

A statement of procedures used to define research variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see whether that finding extends to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Case Study

A

Observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Naturalistic Observations

A

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Survey

A

A technique for asserting the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group b questioning a representative random sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Population

A

All cases in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Random Sample

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Correlation

A

Measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together and how well either factor predicts the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Correlation Coefficent

A

Statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Scatterplot

A

Graphical cluster of dots each of which represents the values of 2 variables. The shape of the points suggests the direction between 2 variables. Amount of scatter suggests the strength of correlation (little=more)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Experiment

A

Research in which an investigator manipulates 1 or more factors to observe the effects on some behavior and mental processes…using random assignment…control other relevant factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Experimental Group

A

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the test treatment, that is to one version of the independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Control Group

A

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group. Comparison for evaluating effect of treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Random Assignment

A

Assigning participant to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the assigned to different groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

Experimental procedure in which both research participants and research staff are igrnoant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or the placebo

20
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectation, despite taking a placebo

21
Q

Independent Variable

A

Experimental factor that is manipulated effect is being studied

22
Q

Confounding Variable

A

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

23
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

24
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

25
Q

Mean

A

Arithmetic average of a distribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the # of scores

26
Q

Median

A

Middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

27
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

28
Q

Normal Curve

A

Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall between the mean and fewer and fewer near the extremes

29
Q

Statistical Significance

A

Statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

30
Q

Culture

A

Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

31
Q

Informed Consent

A

An ethical principle that research participants be told to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

32
Q

Debriefing

A

the post experimental explanation of a study including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

33
Q

Intuition

A

The process humans believe they have to predict a situation and predict its outcome

34
Q

Common Sense

A

Something humans have created based off of previous experiences in order to try and predict future events

35
Q

“I knew it all along” phenomenon

A

Also known as hindsight bias, and it is when people think they know something but really don’t

36
Q

Overconfidence

A

The idea that we are biased because we believe in ourselves more than logic, even after being proven wrong

37
Q

Empirical Approach

A

Learning only through experiments and scientific observation because it is logical

38
Q

Curious Skepticism

A

A psychological approach to a phenomenon which states that we should ask questions but not be gullible to false information

39
Q

Humility

A

Not being afraid to be wrong and admitting mistakes and being open-minded in order to research non-biased/overconfident

40
Q

Scientific Method

A

Process of answering a question in an unbiased way that aids in proving a theory

41
Q

Bias

A

A perception of a subject before an experiment begins that influences the experiment

42
Q

Replication

A

Repeating an experiment to show the underlying theory’s validity

43
Q

Correlation Methods

A

Research that shows correlation between variables

44
Q

Descriptive Methods

A

Research that describes behavior

45
Q

Experimental Methods

A

Research that manipulates variables to find a theory

46
Q

Wording Effects

A

The way a question is worded that influences the response that is given (positive or negative)